Morphological characteristics of waste polyethylene/polypropylene plastics during pyrolysis and representative morphological signal characterizing pyrolysis stages

In this work, the morphological characteristics of waste polyethylene (PE)/polypropylene (PP) plastics during their pyrolysis process were investigated, and based on their basic image changing patterns representative morphological signals describing the pyrolysis stages were obtained. PE and PP granules and films were used as typical plastics for testing, and influence of impurities was also investigated. During pyrolysis experiments, photographs of the testing samples were taken sequentially with a high-speed infrared camera, and the quantitative parameters that describe the morphological characteristics of these photographs were explored using the “Image Pro Plus (v6.3)” digital image processing software. The experimental results showed that plastics pyrolysis involved four stages: melting, two stages of decomposition which are characterized with bubble formation caused by volatile evaporating, and ash deposition; and each stage was characterized with its own phase changing behaviors and morphological features. Two stages of decomposition are the key step of pyrolysis since they took up half or more of the reaction time; melting step consumed another half of reaction time in experiments when raw materials were heated up from ambient temperatures; and coke-like deposition appeared as a result of decomposition completion. Two morphological signals defined from digital image processing, namely, pixel area of the interested reaction region and bubble ratio (BR) caused by volatile evaporating were found to change regularly with pyrolysis stages. In particular, for all experimental scenarios with plastics films and granules, the BR curves always exhibited a slowly drop as melting started and then a sharp increase followed by a deep decrease corresponding to the first stage of intense decomposition, afterwards a second increase – drop section corresponding to the second stage of decomposition appeared. As ash deposition happened, the BR dropped to zero or very low values. When impurities were involved, the shape of BR curves showed that intense decomposition started earlier but morphological characteristics remained the same. In addition, compared to parameters such as pressure, the BR reflects reaction stages better and its change with pyrolysis process of PE/PP plastics with or without impurities was more intrinsically process correlated; therefore it can be adopted as a signal for pyrolysis process characterization, as well as offering guide to process improvement and reactor design.     

太湖流域污水排放对湖水天然水化学的影响

为揭示太湖流域污水排放对湖水天然水化学(主要离子)的影响,对太湖上游19个污水处理厂的进水、出水及雨水、入湖河水和湖水中主要离子进行了分析,同时收集历史数据对比了太湖1950s年代和目前的天然水化学特征.结果表明,太湖水体天然水化学类型主要受流域碳酸盐岩风化作用控制,而受雨水影响较小;流域排放的污水主要离子特征类似于干旱地区的河水,部分工业污水甚至具有海水水化学特征,说明人为活动对当地淡水水质的重要影响.同时,太湖水化学已从60年前的重碳酸盐钙型水转变为目前的氯化物钠型水.进一步通过修正的完全混合断面污染物浓度模型的计算结果显示,生活污水排放可以解释对太湖多数主要离子的影响,生活和工业污水的排放可以更好地解释Cl#的变化;但太湖Ca2+和Mg2+浓度(硬度)的增长受污水影响较小,而是受流域酸沉降的影响控制.分析显示,60年来受流域不断增长的污水排放影响,太湖水体的优势阴阳离子组分均已发生了显著变化,目前湖水(Ca2++Mg2+)-HCO-3和(Na++K+)-Cl-均分布在1∶1线上侧,而(Ca2++Mg2+)/(Na++K+)比值则下降了约1半,同时湖水的Cl#/Na+比值显示出显著的升高趋势,说明流域人类活动已经成为影响太湖水化学的主要原因.本研究可为湖泊水化学演化研究及强烈人为干预条件下的水环境管理提供新的基础.     

九龙江西陂库区沉积物甲藻孢囊萌发增殖研究

甲藻孢囊在甲藻的生命史中扮演着重要的角色,本文研究了九龙江西陂库区沉积物甲藻孢囊对温度和营养盐的萌发响应.结果显示,西陂库区沉积物中,甲藻门的丰度占微藻总丰度的1.9%~6.1%,主要为拟多甲藻属(Peridiniopsis);硅藻门的丰度占微藻总丰度的81.8%~91.8%,绿藻门的丰度占微藻总丰度的6.1%~13.2%,其他门类的藻类较少.实验模拟条件下,较高的温度能促进甲藻孢囊的萌发,甲藻孢囊在20℃有更高的萌发率,不同温度下甲藻孢囊最终的萌发率差别不大,高温能促进甲藻孢囊的萌发,同样也有助于蓝藻和绿藻的萌发增殖,从种间竞争角度来看,15℃温度相对较低但更有利于甲藻孢囊萌发并增殖占据优势.以单磷酸腺苷(Adenosine Monophosphate,AMP)作为有机磷源能促进孢囊的萌发,提高甲藻孢囊的萌发速率,但不能提高孢囊的最终萌发率.     

氮素形态对大豆铝毒和根表铝形态分布的影响

铝毒是酸性土壤上作物生长的主要限制因素,虽然对铝毒已开展广泛研究,但铝毒与植物根表铝形态分布的关系还不清楚。以大豆(Glycine max)为研究对象,通过氮铝交替和氮铝共存2种处理方式的水培试验,研究了氮素形态对大豆铝毒的影响以及氮铝相互作用对根表铝形态分布的影响。结果表明,氮铝共存时,硝态氮体系中大豆根表吸附的各种形态铝含量均高于铵态氮体系。氮铝交替处理导致铝对大豆产生毒害,铝显著抑制大豆根伸长,降低大豆生物量,但在铵态氮和硝态氮体系中铝对大豆的毒害程度相近。无论是无铝对照还是有铝处理,硝态氮体系中大豆的生长情况均优于铵态氮体系。硝态氮处理还促进了大豆根系对K、Mg和Mn等元素的吸收。氮铝共存时,铵态氮可通过离子竞争作用缓解铝对大豆根系的毒害。     

宁夏回族自治区干旱致灾危险性时空变化特征

基于宁夏地区22个气象站1971-2011年月降水量和月平均气温资料,综合考虑降水和蒸发,引入标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),分析该地区气象干旱变化情况,并在此基础上通过构建SPEI值与干旱等级的加权综合评价模型,评估该地区干旱致灾危险性,剖析其时空变化特征。结果表明:宁夏地区气象干旱呈显著加重趋势,年均SPEI值1972-2011年以0.37·(10a)-1的速率显著减小;该地区气象干旱呈现自南向北逐渐加重的空间分布格局,且干旱加重速度呈现由中部干旱带向南北分别递增的空间变化特征。1972-2011年,宁夏地区干旱致灾危险性呈显著增大趋势,干旱致灾危险性指数近40年减小速率为0.12·(10a)-1;该地区干旱致灾危险性在空间分布上表现为北部引黄灌区高于中南部地区,且危险性的增速呈现中部较缓、南北较快的空间变化特征。     

中国大气挥发性有机物控制问题及其对策研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是复合型大气污染的重要前体物,控制VOCs排放是减少灰霾和光化学烟雾的有效措施。但一直以来,中国对VOCs的管控略显不足,还存在监测未常态化、监测方法不系统、排放源成分谱研究不足、法规滞后、排放标准不健全和管理模式亟需更新升级等突出问题。本文在系统分析基础上,提出推进VOCs环境监测常态化、制定和完善VOCs监测方法、构建本地化的VOCs源谱数据库、建立健全VOCs法律法规、建立健全VOCs排放标准、革新以政府为主导的管理模式等将是未来我国管控VOCs的重要工作。     

Variation in soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure induced by the conversion from double rice fields to drained fields北大核心CSCD

Land use conversion is an important factor influencing the carbon gas exchange between land and atmosphere. The effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial function is important for soil organic carbon sequestration and stability. This research studied the effects of land use conversion on soil chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure after two years of conversion from double rice cropping (RR) to maize-maize (MM) and soybean-peanut (SP) double cropping systems in southern China. The results showed that soil pH significantly decreased by 0.50 (MM) and 0.52 (SP, P = 0.002), and dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 23%- 35% (P = 0.016). No significant difference was found in soil organic carbon mineralization rate with the land use conversion, though the accumulated mineralization decreased after 13 days of incubation (P = 0.019). Land use conversion from paddy to upland significantly changed soil microbial community structure. The total PLFAs, bacterial, gram-positive bacterial (G+), gram-negative bacterial (G-) and actinomycetic PLFAs decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs (F/B) increased significantly (P = 0.006). But no significant differences in microbial groups were found between MM and SP. The accumulated mineralization at the beginning period of the incubation were significantly positively correlated with soil actinomycetic PLFAs (P = 0.034). After 13 days of incubation, soil F/B showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization (P = 0.004). However, soil microbial community structure(P = 0.014)and total PLFAs(P = 0.033)showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization after 108 days of incubation. Our results indicated that after conversion from paddy soils to drained soils, soil pH and total nitrogen are the key factors regulating the variations in soil microbial community structure and biomass, and then influencing soil organic carbon mineralization.     

钛酸锂在混合电容器中的性能研究

以活性炭(AC)为正极,Li4Ti5O12和活性炭(AC)的混合物为负极组装成混合电容器。对比了水性粘结剂和油系粘结剂对混合电容器的放电容量、循环性能和内阻的影响。结果表明当负极中Li4Ti5O12和AC比例为1.5:1时,混合电容器的比容量最高,为79.5F/g,且2000次循环寿命衰减率仅为6.83%,有望实现实用化。     

低分子量有机化合物对MnO_2和土壤氧化锰的还原溶解作用

为考察土壤锰氧化物的还原溶解行为,本文选取常见的根系分泌的8种有机酸(抗坏血酸、香草酸、柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、水杨酸、半胱氨酸和邻苯二甲酸)和1种酚类化合物(邻苯二酚),人工合成的Mn O2和5种富含氧化锰的土壤(广东徐闻的砖红壤、海南澄迈的砖红壤、云南昆明的砖红壤、浙江嵊县的红壤和江苏南京的黄棕壤),研究了有机化合物对氧化锰的还原溶解作用.结果表明,较低p H和较高温度有利于有机化合物对Mn O2的还原溶解.在p H 4.5—5.5和温度5—45℃范围内,不同有机化合物还原溶解Mn O2能力的大小顺序为:邻苯二酚半胱氨酸抗坏血酸香草酸柠檬酸草酸≈酒石酸水杨酸≈邻苯二甲酸.邻苯二酚、半胱氨酸和抗坏血酸对土壤中氧化锰也有较强的还原溶解能力.当5种土壤比较时,徐闻砖红壤中还原溶解出的锰量最高,其次为昆明砖红壤,嵊县红壤中还原溶解出的锰量最小.当有还原性有机化合物存在时徐闻砖红壤、昆明砖红壤和澄迈砖红壤中的氧化锰容易发生还原溶解反应,增加土壤中可溶态和交换态Mn2+的含量,并可能对植物产生锰毒害.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony(Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.