Vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau in China

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four flights were analyzed. The vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties including aerosol scattering coefficients (σ_sc), absorption coefficients (σ_ab), Angström exponent (α), single scattering albedo (ω), backscattering ratio (β_sc), aerosol mass scattering proficiency (Q_sc) and aerosol surface scattering proficiency (Q_sc^′) were obtained. The mean statistical values of σ_sc were 77.45 Mm^− 1 (at 450 nm), 50.72 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm), and 32.02 Mm^− 1 (at 700 nm). The mean value of σ_ab was 7.62 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm). The mean values of α, β_sc and ω were 1.93, 0.15, and 0.91, respectively. Aerosol concentration decreased with altitude. Most effective diameters (ED) of aerosols were less than 0.8 μm. The vertical profiles of σ_sc,, α, β_sc, Q_sc and Q_sc^′ showed that the aerosol scattering properties at lower levels contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. Both α and β_sc had relatively large values, suggesting that most aerosols in the observational region were small particles. The mean values of σ_sc, α, β_sc, Q_sc, Q_sc^′, σ_ab and ω at different height ranges showed that most of the parameters decreased with altitude. The forty-eight hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days indicated that the majority of aerosols in the lower level contributed the most to the total aerosol loading, and most of these particles originated from local or regional pollution emissions.     

UASB处理高浓度畜禽养殖废水启动及产气性能研究

利用外循环上流式厌氧污泥床反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度畜禽养殖废水,研究反应器的启动影响因素和产气性能,分析反应器运行特征。在容积负荷为8.1 kg COD/(m3·d)时反应器取得最佳的运行效果,此时COD平均去除率86.9%,出水VFA为204.0 mg/L。该负荷下单位容积平均产气率2.2 L/(L·d),消耗单位有机物平均产气率316.9 m L/g COD,甲烷平均含量70.5%。该研究可为UASB处理高浓度养殖废水的启动提供依据。     

化工园企业环境风险分级评估与管理方法研究

为减少环境污染事故的发生,文章从化工园内企业化学品储存、运输、生产等潜在风险环节出发,结合企业风险管理水平及周边受体易损性,利用环境风险综合评价指数法对企业环境风险进行分级评估。在此基础上,以长江下游某化工园区调研的41家企业作为案例进行评估,结果显示:园区内重大、较大、一般环境风险企业分别占调查总数的2.4%,65.9%,31.7%。该评估方法从化工园企业风险控制的实际需求出发,具有实用性和可操作性,为化工园更有效的风险管理提供技术支持。     

工业企业清洁生产审核实践——以中航沈飞民用飞机有限责任公司为例

文章总结了中航工业沈飞民机公司实施清洁生产审核的实践过程,在对全公司的生产现状、原辅材料消耗、废物产生情况、能源消耗情况进行分析后,针对管理和生产中存在的问题,提出具体的清洁生产方案,论证具体方案的环境经济效益后,投入公司正常生产运行环节,有效削减能源和原料消耗,减少污染物排放水平,提升公司的国际市场竞争力,实现经济和环境的和谐发展。     

基于交互指标的空中交通管制员工作负荷实时测量方法研究

管制员工作负荷影响着空中交通的安全和效率,视觉观察和语音通话作为管制员最常使用的交互于段,其对应的交互指标可以用于实时测量空中交通管制员工作负荷.利用眼动指标之间的共线性,使用因子分析方法建立综合评价因子,在保证信息完整度的前提下对评价指标进行降维处理,并以NASA-TLX量表所得主观负荷值为因变量、综合因子和语音交互指标为自变量建立回归分析模型,利用该模型综合评价空中交通管制员工作负荷,以为客观实时有效地测量管制员工作负荷提供方法借鉴.     

MLS评价法在真空自耗电弧炉危险性评价中的应用

在对真空自耗电弧炉危险源进行辨识的基础上,选用MLS法对真空自耗电弧炉进行危险性评价,提出了事故防范的安全对策.     

Preparation and characterization of PVDF-glass fiber composite membrane reinforced by interfacial UV-grafting copolymerization

A novel inorganic–organic composite membrane,namely poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF-glass fiber(PGF) composite membrane,was prepared and reinforced by interfacial ultraviolet(UV)-grafting copolymerization to improve the interfacial bonding strength between the membrane layer and the glass fiber.The interfacial polymerization between inorganic–organic interfaces is a chemical cross-linking reaction that depends on the functionalized glass fiber with silane coupling(KH570) as the initiator and the polymer solution with acrylamide monomer(AM) as the grafting block.The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer-attenuated total reflectance(FTIR-ATR) spectra and the energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) pictures of the interface between the glass fiber and polymer matrix confirmed that the AM was grafted to the surface of the glass fiber fabric and that the grafting polymer was successfully embedded in the membrane matrix.The formation mechanisms,permeation,and anti-fouling performance of the PGF composite membrane were measured with different amounts of AM in the doping solutions.The results showed that the grafting composite membrane improved the interfacial bonding strength and permeability,and the peeling strength was improved by 32.6% for PGF composite membranes with an AM concentration at 2 wt.%.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染修复技术研究

土壤重金属污染的修复问题备受人们的关注,而在不同土地利用方式下受污染的土壤能够通过不同途径对人群健康构成威胁.国内外有关土壤重金属污染修复方法可分为生物修复、化学修复、物理修复以及联合修复,各修复方法适用范围差异较大.结合农业土壤、城市土壤以及矿区土壤中重金属的污染特征能够提出相应的更加合理的修复措施,最终为相关部门环境污染治理的决策提供理论依据.     

Fe2+S2O82-EDTA体系中自由基离子对啶虫脒的氧化降解

为探讨水环境中自由基离子对啶虫脒的共降解作用,研究了Fe2+S2O82-EDTA体系中啶虫脒降解的可行性,以及在Fe2+S2O82-EDTA体系中3种组分最佳配比条件下自由基离子和底物浓度对啶虫脒降解率的影响.结果表明,在Fe2+S2O82-EDTA体系下反应360 min后啶虫脒的降解率达到58.25%,c(Fe2+)、c(S2O82-)和c(EDTA)对Fe2+S2O82-EDTA体系的氧化能力均有较大的影响.通过中心复合试验对Fe2+S2O82-EDTA体系中3种离子的最佳配比进行优化,c(EDTA)、c(Fe2+)、c(S2O82-)分别为1.61、3.46、7.99 mmolL.Fe2+S2O82-EDTA体系中·SO4-和·OH等自由基离子的存在是引起啶虫脒降解的主要原因,中性条件最有利于自由基离子的产生并提高啶虫脒高的降解率.然而该体系中自由基离子的量是一定的,过高的c(啶虫脒)(200μmolL)对降解率有明显抑制.     

基于MATLAB的城市表层土壤重金属污染空间分布的研究

为全面了解某城市表层土壤重金属污染的空间分布特征,对城市表层土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn进行采样分析,采用域法识别特异值进行数据处理。通过Matlab软件,利用克里格法进行空间插值,绘出各重金属浓度与各坐标投影的一维空间分布图,并绘出全城等高地形图,再以数字大小标注样本点的污染浓度,拟合各元素浓度与海拔、平面坐标之间的关系模型,将重金属空间分布特征定量化、模型化。