稠油污水回用热采锅炉技术研究

针对曙光油田稠油污水的特点,在原有工艺流程的基础上,根据实际处理能力,选择合适的设备,对不同的污染物采取优先强化处理和逐段处理方式,在曙四联进行了现场试验,确定了最佳运行参数及合理的加药量。结果表明:稠油污水深度处理后达到锅炉回用水指标,真正实现污水资源化。此项研究符合清洁生产和循环经济的核心理念,实现了污水的资源化,取得了良好的经济、环境和社会效益。     

Human Dimensions of Forest Disturbance by Insects: An International Synthesis

Ecological disturbances of forests by insects have a complex array of associated human dimensions presenting complications for natural resource decision making and relationships between stakeholders and managers. This article discusses the human context of forest disturbances by insects by reviewing four cases of bark beetle forest disturbance from British Columbia in Canada, Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany, the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska, and the north central region of Colorado. Findings and lessons learned from these studies are outlined along with their implications for managing forest disturbances by insects in general. Conclusions focus on the need to assess the broad array of impacts and risks perceived by local residents and the capacity for local action and involvement in managing forest disturbances. Communication and interaction between resource managers and local stakeholders can facilitate the identification of management priorities and potentially reduce some of the risks associated with forest disturbances by insects.     

An Exploration of the Value of Naturalness and Wild Nature

The source of the value of naturalness is of considerable relevance for the conservation movement, to philosophers, and to society generally. However, naturalness is a complex quality and resists straightforward definition. Here, two interpretations of what is “natural” are explored. One of these assesses the naturalness of species and ecosystems with reference to a benchmark date, such as the advent of industrialization. The value of naturalness in this case largely reflects prioritization of the value of biodiversity. However, the foundation of our understanding of naturalness is that it describes processes that are free of human intervention. Conflict between the two interpretations of naturalness is apparent in the claim that naturalness can be enhanced by human intervention, in the form of ecological restoration. Although naturalness in its purest form precludes human intervention, some human activities are also apparently more natural than others. This continuum of naturalness relates to the autonomy of the individual from abstract instrumentalism, which describes a particular form of influence ubiquitous in contemporary society. The value of naturalness reflects both dissatisfaction with these threats to personal autonomy, and respect for wild nature as the embodiment of a larger-than-human realm.     

气象产品及其商品化的理论与实证分析

本文创造性地把气象产品分类为气象新能源产品、气象信息服务业和咨询业产品、一般气象服务产品和气象业附属产品四种类型,从多角度进行了气象产品商品化可行性问题的理论和事实论证;并对比中国与世界气象产品商品化的现状,提出了实现气象产品商品化所必须具备的一系列条件     

浅谈行业环境监测站的任务与作用

我国环境问题日趋严重,环境污染和生态破坏已成为社会发展的制约因素。然而,有些企业忽视环境保护工作,取消或合并环境监测站,削弱环境监测力量。针对这种情况,从行业环境监测站的任务、作用和不可取代性方面阐述了强化行业环境监测站建设的必要性。     

新型混凝剂SLB的制备及应用

新型混凝剂SLB是将聚铝和阳离子改性淀粉在一定条件下直接复配而成的一种无机-有机复合型混凝剂,通过对炼油厂及钠土污水的混凝处理实验,反映出SLB具有较好的净化效果。此外,SLB原料易得,成本低,有广阔的应用前景。     

污泥热解残渣制备聚合氯化铝的实验研究＊

含铝污泥热解或焚烧残渣制备聚合氯化铝的研究,有利于实现污水处理过程投加的铝盐絮凝药剂的回收与高效循环利用,减少污染物排放和资源消耗。针对辽河油田欢三联稠油污水处理污泥的热解残渣具有较高铝含量的特点,开展采用盐酸进行铝溶出及制备聚合氯化铝的实验研究。结果表明:焙烧温度为700～750℃,焙烧时间控制在1h即可。将经过焙烧活化的残渣在常温下进行酸溶,酸溶时间为2～5h,选用25%～30%盐酸,氧化铝与盐酸的摩尔比为1∶1.0～1∶1.2为宜。将溶出的铝溶液制备聚合氯化铝,在常温下采用CaO粉末来调节pH值为3.5,聚合反应时间为1d,即可得聚合氯化铝溶液。     

新疆油田高含硫化氢区块污染防治措施研究

针对车89井区的高含硫问题,新疆油田研究出化学除硫、负压闪蒸除硫和催化曝气除硫技术以及相关的配套工艺,并成功进行了现场试验;同时,为杜绝在车89井区环境敏感区域内污染事故的发生,新疆油田加大内外环保宣传软硬件建设力度,并依据专业评价实施了一系列防控管理措施,达到了预防在先、技术在先、管理在先的工作目标。     

Predicting Opportunities for Greening and Patterns of Vegetation on Private Urban Lands

This paper examines predictors of vegetative cover on private lands in Baltimore, Maryland. Using high-resolution spatial data, we generated two measures: “possible stewardship,” which is the proportion of private land that does not have built structures on it and hence has the possibility of supporting vegetation, and “realized stewardship,” which is the proportion of possible stewardship land upon which vegetation is growing. These measures were calculated at the parcel level and averaged by US Census block group. Realized stewardship was further defined by proportion of tree canopy and grass. Expenditures on yard supplies and services, available by block group, were used to help understand where vegetation condition appears to be the result of current activity, past legacies, or abandonment. PRIZM™ market segmentation data were tested as categorical predictors of possible and realized stewardship and yard expenditures. PRIZM™ segmentations are hierarchically clustered into 5, 15, and 62 categories, which correspond to population density, social stratification (income and education), and lifestyle clusters, respectively. We found that PRIZM 15 best predicted variation in possible stewardship and PRIZM 62 best predicted variation in realized stewardship. These results were further analyzed by regressing each dependent variable against a set of continuous variables reflective of each of the three PRIZM groupings. Housing age, vacancy, and population density were found to be critical determinants of both stewardship metrics. A number of lifestyle factors, such as average family size, marriage rates, and percentage of single-family detached homes, were strongly related to realized stewardship. The percentage of African Americans by block group was positively related to realized stewardship but negatively related to yard expenditures.     

River-Stream Connectivity Affects Fish Bioassessment Performance

Stream fish bioassessment methods assume that fish assemblages observed in sample sites reflect responses to local stressors, but fish assemblages are influenced by local factors as well as regional dispersal to and from connected streams. We hypothesized that fish movement to and from refugia and source populations in connected rivers (i.e., riverine dispersal) would weaken or decouple relations between fish community metrics and local environmental conditions. We compared fish-environment relations between streams that flow into large rivers (mainstem tributaries) and streams that lack riverine confluences (headwater tributaries) at multiple spatial grains using data from the USEPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program in the mid-Atlantic highlands, USA (n = 157 sites). Headwater and mainstem tributaries were not different in local environmental conditions, but showed important differences in fish metric responses to environmental quality gradients. Stream sites flowing into mainstem channels within 10 fluvial km showed consistently weaker relations to local environmental conditions than stream sites that lacked such mainstem connections. Moreover, these patterns diminished at longer distances from riverine confluences, consistent with the hypothesis of riverine dispersal. Our results suggest that (1) the precision of fish bioassessment metrics may be improved by calibrating scoring criteria based on the spatial position of sites within stream networks and (2) the spatial grain of fish bioassessment studies may be manipulated to suit objectives by including or excluding fishes exhibiting riverine dispersal.