Spatial scaling between leaf area index maps of different resolutions

We developed algorithms for spatial scaling of leaf area index (LAI) using sub-pixel information. The study area is located near Liping County, Guizhou Province, in China. Methods for LAI spatial scaling were investigated on LAI images with 960 m resolution derived in two ways. LAI from distributed calculation (LAID) was derived using Landsat ETM+ data (30 m), and LAI from lumped calculation (LAIL) was obtained from the coarse (960 m) resolution data derived through resampling the ETM+ data. We found that lumped calculations can be considerably biased compared to the distributed (ETM+) case, suggesting that global and regional LAI maps can be biased if surface heterogeneity within the mapping resolution is ignored. Based on these results, we developed algorithms for removing the biases in lumped LAI maps using sub-pixel land cover-type information, and applied these to correct one coarse resolution LAI product which greatly improved its accuracy.     

零价钴活化过氧乙酸降解水中罗丹明B的研究

采用零价钴（ZVCo）活化过氧乙酸（PAA）降解水中罗丹明B（RhB）,探究了ZVCo/PAA体系中PAA的活化机理,并通过自由基淬灭实验,识别了体系中的主要活性自由基.同时,考察了溶液初始pH值、PAA浓度、ZVCo投加量及水中常见阴离子对ZVCo/PAA体系降解RhB的影响,并评估了ZVCo在活化PAA过程中的稳定性和可重复利用性.最后,研究了RhB在ZVCo/PAA体系中的降解机理.结果表明,在中性条件下, 大约98.3%的RhB可以在180 s内被ZVCo/PAA体系有效去除.在该体系中,ZVCo原位生成的Co²⁺对PAA活化起到了主要作用,有机自由基（CH₃C（O）O^?和CH₃C（O）OO^?）是该体系的主要活性物种.增加ZVCo投加量或PAA浓度可以提高RhB的降解效率,但过量的PAA对RhB的 去除有抑制作用.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^–的存在几乎不影响ZVCo/PAA体系降解RhB,而HCO₃^-能够显著抑制RhB的去除.在重复使用4次后,ZVCo仍对PAA具有良好的活化效果,且其表面形貌和元素组成均未发生明显变化,表明ZVCo具有优异的稳定性和可重复利用性.RhB在ZVCo/PAA体系中的主要降解途径为其分子结构中共轭氧杂蒽基团的破坏.     

Microwave-assisted continuous flow phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide composites and related visible light catalytic performance

The creation of an environmentally friendly synthesis method for silver nanomaterials (AgNPs) is an urgent concern for sustainable nanotechnology development. In the present study, a novel straightforward and green method for the preparation of silver nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide (AgNP/rGO) composites was successfully developed through the combination of phytosynthesis, continuous flow synthesis and microwave-assistance. Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) extracts were used as both plant reducing and capping agents for fast online synthesis of AgNP/rGO composites. The experimental parameters were optimized and the morphologies of the prepared materials were investigated. The characterization results reveal that spherical AgNPs were quickly synthesized and uniformly dispersed on rGO sheets using the proposed online system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that phenols, flavonoids, and other substances in the plant extracts played a decisive role in the synthesis of AgNP/rGO composites. Using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) degradation of p-nitrophenol (4-NP) as a model, the catalytic activity of the prepared AgNP/rGO materials was evaluated. The complete degradation of 4-NP was achieved within 12 min through the use of AgNP/rGO materials, and the composite had a much better catalytic activity than the bare AgNPs and rGO had. Compared with the conventional chemical method, our online method is facile, fast, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly.     

A Recourse‐Based Interval Fuzzy Programming Model for Point‐Nonpoint Source Effluent Trading under Uncertainty

In this study, a recourse‐based interval fuzzy programming (RIFP) model is developed for tackling uncertainties expressed as fuzzy, interval, and/or probabilistic forms in an effluent trading program. It can incorporate preregulated water‐pollution control policies directly into its optimization process, such that an effective linkage between environmental regulations and economic implications (i.e., penalties) caused by improper policies due to uncertainty existence can be provided. The RIFP model is applied to point‐nonpoint source effluent trading of the Xiangxi River in China. The efficiency of trading efforts between water quality improvement and net system benefit under different degrees of satisfying discharge limits is analyzed. The results are able to help support (1) formulation of water‐pollution control strategies under various economic objectives and system‐reliability constraints, (2) selection of the desired effluent trading pattern for point and nonpoint sources, and (3) generation of tradeoffs among system benefit, satisfaction degree, and pollutant mitigation under multiple uncertainties. Compared with the traditional regulatory approaches, the results demonstrate that the water‐pollution control program can be performed more cost‐effectively through trading than nontrading.     

Water Management Applications for Satellite Precipitation Products: Synthesis and Recommendations

This article is an assessment of the current state of the art and relative utility of satellite precipitation products (SPPs) for hydrologic applications to support water management decisions. We present a review of SPPs, their accuracy in diverse settings including the influence of geography, topography, and weather systems, as well as the pros and cons of their use for different water management applications. At the end of this broad synthesizing effort, recommendations are proposed for: (1) SPP developers to improve the quality, usability, and relevance of precipitation products; and (2) SPP users to improve the reliability of their predictions and hydrologic applications to better support water management.     

Constitutional tolerance to heavy metals of a fiber crop, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), and its potential usage

It is observed that ramie (Boehmeria nivea), an economic fiber crop, can establish and colonize metal-contaminated sites in China. Metal tolerance and accumulation by ramie originating from 13 metal-contaminated and 4 “clean” sites in China were compared under field and hydroponic conditions. All selected populations and germplasms displayed good growth performance under diverse metal-contaminated habitats; while growth responses, metal accumulation and tolerance were similar among the 8 populations and 2 germplasms when exposed to solutions containing elevated As, Cd, Pb, or Zn in the laboratory. These revealed that ramie possesses a certain degree of constitutional metal tolerance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of constitutional metal tolerance possessed by a fiber crop. Ramie can be considered as a good candidate for both fiber production and phytoremediation of sites contaminated by multi-metals, as it accumulates relative low metal concentrations, but possesses both high biomass and high economic value.     

Valuation of Irrigation Water by the Hedonic Price Method: A Case Study in Chalkidiki,Greece

The design of efficient water allocation systems depends, among other factors, on economic issues and, above all, on a reliable estimate of the economic value of water. In this paper the hedonic price method is utilized to reveal the implicit value of irrigation water by analyzing agricultural land values in Chalkidiki, a typical rural area in Greece. The method was applied to a sample of both irrigated and nonirrigated properties and the value of irrigation water was estimated by disaggregating the total price of each parcel of land, obtained through a local survey. Results show that, apart from typical value attributes, the agricultural characteristics of the land, including irrigation water availability, have a significant influence on land prices.     

Assessment of Soil Cover Degradation and Desertification in Northern Lowland Dagestan

New principles of the assessment of soil cover degradation and desertification, the scale and intensity of destructive processes manifestation are determined.     

广西水生蔬菜土壤多环芳烃污染特征

为研究水生蔬菜土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平,以广西水生蔬菜和相邻地块陆生蔬菜土壤作为研究对象,采集表层土壤,比较16种PAHs的污染特征,分析PAHs主要来源,评价潜在的生态风险。结果表明,研究区内水生蔬菜土壤中5、6环PAHs和7种致癌性PAHs的含量显著地高于陆生蔬菜土壤,2,3环PAHs的含量低于陆生蔬菜土壤,4环PAHs的含量没有显著差异;水生蔬菜和陆生蔬菜土壤中7种致癌性芳烃∑7cPAHs的平均贡献率分别为49. 03%和37. 61%,大部分样点属于重度污染水平;三种水生蔬菜土壤PAHs的污染模式相似,以4,5环PAHs为主,其次为2,3环PAHs,6环PAHs的含量最低。通过同分异构体比值法和主要成分分析法分析,发现土壤PAHs的主要来源为机动车尾气排放和生物质不完全燃烧。水生蔬菜土壤PAHs的苯并(a)芘总毒性当量为174. 59μg/kg,显著高于陆生蔬菜土壤的105. 54μg/kg,二者均低于加拿大土壤质量指标600μg/kg,但潜在的生态风险不可忽视。