环糊精聚合物对苯胺的吸附和脱附性能研究

以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,合成和表征了β-环糊精聚合物(β-CDP),从动力学和热力学角度研究了β-CDP对苯胺的吸附性能。研究结果表明,β-CDP对水溶液中的苯胺具有一定的吸附量。用Langmuir, Freundlich和DubininRadushkevich(D-R)吸附等温式拟合了平衡等温数据,并计算出每个模型的参数。苯胺在β-CDP上的吸附符合D-R方程,吸附过程是热力学自发行为。在乙醇中,β-CDP的脱附能力很强,且可循环使用多次。     

酵母菌对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵产乙酸的影响

研究了酵母菌对厌氧发酵过程中垃圾水解速率、挥发性有机酸(VFA)产量、乙酸产量的影响。结果表明：控制反应器中pH值为7时,接种酵母菌后,垃圾的水解速率明显提高,产酸速率和产酸量都明显高于不接种酵母菌的反应器,乙酸浓度能够达到9 458 mg/L,占挥发性有机酸总量的58.2%。垃圾本身含有的微生物对产酸也有促进作用,酵母菌和垃圾本身含有的微生物共同作用才能使得乙酸的产生最大化。     

聚硅酸锌铝的制备及其性能研究

以硅酸钠、硫酸锌、硫酸铝为原料,通过共聚法制备了无机高分子絮凝剂聚硅酸锌铝（PSZAS）,研究了Na₂SiO₃的摩尔浓度、活化时间、Al/Si、Zn/Si 配比及絮凝剂的投加量对絮凝效果的影响,用X-射线衍射（XRD）和电子扫描电镜（SEM）对该絮凝剂的结构及形貌进行了表征。结果表明：当硅酸钠的浓度为0.4 mol/L,硅酸活化时间为2 h,Si∶Al∶Zn=1∶1∶1.5,絮凝剂投加量为20 mL/L废水时,絮凝剂的电中和能力和吸附架桥能力最强,絮凝剂对含H-酸染料模拟废水的絮凝效果最好。     

渗滤液污染包气带中铁的形态变化

从渗滤液场龄和包气带岩性两方面出发,研究了新、老渗滤液对亚粘土和细砂包气带环境中Fe的含量及存在形态的影响。结果表明：新、老渗滤液分别能使细砂包气带介质中除残渣态以外Fe的含量增加16.68%或降低13.82%。亚粘土比细砂作为包气带介质更能缓冲渗滤液对介质中Fe的影响程度,其受影响范围在包气带0～20 cm深度处。当亚粘土为介质的包气带被新渗滤液污染后,其表层介质中碳酸盐结合态Fe的含量会增加15倍之多,为缓冲渗滤液Fe的污染做出了巨大贡献,但这部分Fe的存在也是潜在的二次污染源,在环境pH急剧变化的情况下,它可能会引起地下水高铁污染。     

联合生物法处理炼油厂含油污泥的研究

大港石化公司采用联合生物法处理含油污泥,对使用好氧、厌氧工艺处理含油污泥的结果进行了探讨。实验结果表明:先进行好氧处理然后脱水再进行厌氧堆肥工艺处理含油污泥,除油率达到97.6%,除磷、钾的指标低于《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB8172-87)的要求外,其他指标均符合该标准要求,且避免了二次污染。     

曙光油田节能减排现状调查及对策研究

曙光采油厂随着超稠油的不断开发,生产能耗也随之增加,通过开展节能减排及节能挖潜工作,全厂能耗增长状态得到了良好的控制,能耗总量由2005年的58.21×10~4t标煤下降到2008年的47.75×10~4t标煤;原油(气)液生产单位综合能耗为52.02 kg标煤/t,同期对比减少0.38 kg标煤/t;生产系统运行效率不断提高。文章详细介绍了曙光油田从机采系统、热注系统、集输系统等方面推广应用节能新技术、新产品,达到其投资和运行费用最少,经济性较好,对油田减排挖潜进行了探讨。     

Size-fractionation and characterization of landfill leachate and the improvement of Cu2+ adsorption capacity in soil and aged refuse

Leachate was collected from an anaerobic lagoon at Shanghai Laogang refuse landfill, the largest landfill in China, and the sample was separated into six fractions using micro-filtration membranes, followed by ultra-filtration membranes. Several parameters of the samples were measured, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total solids (TS), pH, total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN), fixed solids (FS), NH4+, orthophosphate, color, turbidity, and conductivity. These parameters were then quantitatively correlated with the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane used. Organic matter in the dissolved fraction (MW<1kDa) predominated in the leachate, accounting for 65% of TOC. Thermal infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the filter residues. Asymmetric and symmetric stretching of methyl and methylene groups, and of functional groups containing nitrogen and oxygen atoms, were observed. In addition, the ability of two different samples to adsorb heavy metals was tested. Cu2+ was chosen as the representative heavy metal in this study, and the samples were soil; aged refuse, which had spent 8 years in a conventional sanitary landfill; and samples of soil and aged refuse treated for 48h with leachate in the ratio of 5g of sample per 50ml of leachate. Cu2+ uptake by the raw soil was approximately 4.60microg/g, while uptake by the leachate-contacted soil and leachate-contacted aged refuse were 5.66 and 5.11microg/g, respectively. These results show that the organic matter in the leachate enhanced the capacity of aqueous solutions to adsorb Cu2+.     

膜蒸馏技术在石化废水处理领域的应用进展

综述了一种新型分离技术——膜蒸馏技术在石化废水处理领域的应用现状,重点介绍了在高盐度废水处理和挥发性有机物废水处理两个方面的进展;指出膜蒸馏应用过程中存在的主要问题是膜污染;预测了膜蒸馏及其集成技术在废水处理领域的发展前景。     

Modification of Fe–Mn mixed oxide COS removal sorbent by rare-earth oxides addition

In order to develop highly active sorbent for COS removal, Fe–Mn mixed oxides doped with CeO₂, La₂O₃ or Sm₂O₃ were studied. The effects of these promoters on the structural properties of Fe–Mn oxides were investigated by XRD, BET, TPR and TEM techniques. XRD results revealed that the degree of crystallinity of Fe–Mn oxide phase decreased due to the addition of rare-earth oxides. Doping with CeO₂, La₂O₃ or Sm₂O₃ led to an increase in BET surface area of the sample. TPR studies showed that the reactivity of the reduction of doped samples increased in the temperature range of 300–450 °C. In addition, the desulfurization test was performed at 325 °C with a gas hourly space velocity of 1000 h⁻¹. It was found that the addition of 3% La₂O₃ greatly improved the absorption sulfur capacity of the sorbent, while the sorbent doped 3% CeO₂ achieved a sufficiently high purifying degree before breakthrough.     

SDG-based HAZOP analysis of operating mistakes for PVC process

As modern chemical plants are becoming more complex and bigger in scale, the associated chance of things going wrong is also increasing rapidly. Due to the flammable, explosive, toxic and corrosive nature of chemical process, any single accident may trigger a major catastrophe that brings tremendous environmental, social and economical loss. In order to prevent any accident from happening, hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis has been brought in to monitor chemical process and provide early warning for signs of accident. However, most existing HAZOP is carried out manually, and there are always obstacles in terms of cost overrun and incompleteness of the analysis. To address the difficulties in current HAZOP method, this paper proposes a signed digraph (SDG)-based HAZOP analysis method. It is used to identify the most likely operating mistakes that may cause certain process variable deviating from its normal value, which is the main source of safety concern. A case study on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plant is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of SDG-based HAZOP analysis method in providing complete analysis result.