珊瑚碎屑颗粒内孔隙特性微观试验研究∗

珊瑚碎屑是一种特殊的岩土材料,其显著特征是存在大量的内孔隙。为了深入揭示珊瑚碎屑内孔隙特性,通过电镜扫描(SEM)和压汞试验(MIP),分别定性和定量化地分析了珊瑚碎屑颗粒表面及内部孔隙形态特征和分布规律。结果表明:珊瑚碎屑存在由珊瑚虫生长和微生物共生形成的两类大小、形态及分布不同的内孔隙;珊瑚碎屑的整体孔隙度为9%～25%,由珊瑚虫生长而形成的孔隙等效直径为10～200μm;由微生物形成的孔隙面孔隙度低,孔隙直径多为4μm以下,且等轴或不等轴孔隙占绝大部分。     

Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属的释放特性

选用欧盟固体中无机组分有效量测试方法(EA NEN7371)和块状材料中无机组分的扩散实验方法(EA NEN7375),研究了模拟混凝土样品中重金属(Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb)的释放特性.结果表明,混凝土中重金属的有效释放量低于总量;不同重金属的有效释放量与总量比值差异较大.扩散控制是混凝土中Cr、Ni和Cd释放的主要机理,释放曲线与斜率为0.5的直线拟合较佳,且不同区间浸出量曲线的斜率均在0.35~0.65范围内;As在释放前期有延滞现象,但中后期仍以扩散控制为主;Pb的释放为溶解控制,受浸取液的pH值影响较大.重金属扩散系数负对数值按Pb相似文献   

多米诺事故情景下的区域环境风险评价

将多米诺效应纳入化工区环境风险评价中,采用扩展概率模型和蒙特卡洛模拟的方法计算多米诺事故的概率,运用大气和水扩散模型模拟污染事故的后果,进而利用地理信息系统分析在多米诺事故情景下的区域环境风险水平.结果表明,研究区域67.5%的风险源能引发二次事故,平均每个初始事故引发9.58次二次事故、17.21次三次事故.二次事故情景和三次事故情景下的区域环境风险值分别是一次事故的6.40倍和12.33倍,多米诺效应明显放大了区域环境风险值,应成为今后风险防范的重点.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

锑在淮北芦岭矿区土壤和水体中的分布及其环境效应

锑是近年来受到普遍关注的有害微量元素,广泛的存在于环境中.煤炭的开采利用向环境中释放的锑成为煤矿区环境中锑的重要污染源.矿区承载了煤的开采堆放加工等诸多活动.然而锑在煤矿区的分布及其相关的环境效应至今报道较少.本文以安徽淮北芦岭矿区为研究对象.共收集38个表层土壤样和塌陷湖及周边水体水样.通过分析得出:锑在土样中的平均...     

集输油环境氟橡胶O形圈老化行为实验研究*

为研究氟橡胶O形圈在集输油环境中的老化行为特征,以长庆油田使用的氟橡胶O形圈(位于非金属复合管连接接头处)为研究对象,采用宏观与微观相结合的方法,通过挂片实验分析氟橡胶O形圈在不同介质（采出油,采出水）、温度（25,50 ℃）、压力条件（0.1,4,6 MPa）下老化后的形貌、质量、拉伸性能及硬度。结果表明:采出油、采出水均能引起O形圈发生溶胀,从而降低O形圈的强度、韧性、硬度;采出水引起的溶胀显著高于采出油更易导致O形圈表面产生坑洞缺陷;渗透速率随温度升高而急剧增加,压力对渗透速率的影响不明显;硬度降低较小,最大降幅为4.17%。结合现场服役813 d的密封圈SEM形貌,证实集输介质渗透会引起氟橡胶圈溶胀、导致表面产生坑洞等缺陷。     

1种抑制巷道信号NLOS的矿井RSSI高精度定位算法

在RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indication)测距定位技术中,为抑制巷道信号NLOS(Non Line of Sight)传输对定位结果的影响,提出信号指纹定位和几何优化算法.在离线阶段利用高斯滤波最大值加权法和最小二乘法建立符合矿井巷道环境的无线信号测距模型,设计改进卡尔曼滤波器...     

北京温榆河流域微生物污染调查研究

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,我国河流普遍受到了不同程度的水质污染,而微生物指标对于水质评价具有重要作用.本研究选取细菌总数、总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群以及SC噬菌体、F噬菌体作为指示微生物对北京市温榆河开展了历时一年多的调查研究,结果表明,除了有机污染和富营养化问题外,温榆河流域的微生物污染非常突出.温榆河上游已经受到了一定程度的微生物污染,微生物浓度(以粪大肠菌群为例)波动较大(5.01×10²~5.37×10⁶个·L^-1);下游受清河、坝河等排水河道的影响,微生物污染普遍严重(均值达6.3×10⁶个·L^-1以上),与地表水Ⅴ类水质标准(GB 3838—2002)相比FC浓度平均超出两个数量级.统计分析显示,温榆河微生物污染受季节的影响并不显著(p>0.05),表明人为因素很可能是其主要影响因素.温榆河处于微生物高污染水平,可能威胁地下水水质和农作物质量安全,应从源头加强微生物风险控制.     

Fe(Ⅲ,Ⅱ)/H2O2体系中Fe(Ⅲ)水解特征的对比

利用Fe Ferron逐时络合比色法对类Fenton与Fenton体系中Fe(Ⅲ )水解形态的转化规律进行了比较 .结果表明 ,水解度越高 ,两体系中Fe(Ⅲ )的水解速度也越快 ,但水解度相同时 ,与Fenton体系相比 ,类Fenton反应生成的Fe(Ⅲ )的水解速率要低 ,且Feb 所占比例也较少 .与Fenton体系一致 ,类Fenton体系中的Fe(Ⅲ )水解速率随H2 O2 浓度的增加而减缓