宁波-舟山海域入海污染物环境容量研究

在宁波-舟山海域数值模拟潮流场的基础上,建立了该海域各污染源的响应系数场,计算了主要污染源COD、无机氮和活性磷酸盐的分担率场,及各污染源和控制单元的环境容量.研究结果将为该海域入海污染物总量控制提供科学依据.     

利用水泥处理垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水的研究

利用水泥的表面吸附和水化反应性质处理垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水可以取得很好的效果,COD的去除率可达69.5%.处理效果与水灰比、反应时间密切相关,低水灰比和较长反应时间对COD的去除更为有利.对处理前后水样的COD和TOC分析表明,水泥对非TOC贡献的COD有很强的去除效果.     

各种影响因子对电解法预处理医药废水的影响研究

探讨了电解法预处理医药废水时停留时间、电解电压、废水初始浓度、温度和废水pH值等影响因子对去除色度、COD和提高废水可生化性等处理效果的影响，并考察了其应用于工业实际废水处理的可行性。实验结果表明：电解法更适合高浓度医药废水的处理，色度的去除率可达到90％以上；电解时间宜控制在40-60min；电解电压越高，废水COD和色度去除效果越好；在实验温度范围内，温度对色度和COD去除率的影响不大；废水pH值为7．5时电解效果最佳，工程运用宜控制在6—9之间。     

γ-射线辐照法改善城市污水厂剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的研究

采用γ-射线辐照法对城市污水厂剩余污泥进行预处理，从固体组分、可溶性组分及厌氧产气量等角度来探讨γ-射线辐照法改善城市污水厂剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的可行性。结果表明，经γ-射线辐照处理后，污泥的平均粒径减小，在辐照剂量为6．51-30．75kGy范围内，粒径的减小率达30％-50％；可溶性有机组分随着辐照剂量升高而增加，当辐照剂量为19．4kGy时，SCOD增加率达552．5％；与未辐照相比，污泥经2．48、6．51、11．24kGy辐照处理后，厌氧消化累计产气量分别增加8．89％、19．74％和35．81％。γ-射线辐照法是一种有效的改善污泥厌氧消化特性的方法，11．24kGy左右的剂量可作为污泥预处理的最佳剂量。     

总氮测定中的注意事项

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定总氮中，对空白值偏高的影响因素进行了实验和分析，提出了几点建议及改进措施。     

苯酚及其氯代物对大型[氵蚤]的毒性效应和微观机理探讨

采用静态生物急性试验的方法，研究了5种酚类化合物对大型[氵蚤]的急性毒性效应，并利用正辛醇／水分配系数（Kow）对实验测得的毒性数值进行了统计分析，得到了有效的毒性估测模型。研究结果表明，大型[氵蚤]的幼溪接触不同化合物的不同浓度，活动会受到抑制，甚至死亡，苯酚、4-氯酚、2，4-二氯酚、2，3，4-三氯酚和五氯酚的48hEC50分别为9．15、4．64、4．40、1．92、0．37mg／L；根据化学物质对[氵蚤]类的毒性评价标准，这5种化合物都属高毒物质，其中五氯酚具有极高毒性。另外，五氯酚对大型[氵蚤]的致毒关键步骤不仅包括传输分配过程还有生化反应。     

水污染·水资源·对策

本文详细论述了中国和世界的水资源状况，并论述了中国的水资源短缺状况、中国用水的优劣势，以及如何解决中国水资源短缺的措施和基本战略。     

Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the inhibition toxicity to root elongation of Cucumis sativus of selected phenols and interspecies correlation with Tetrahymena pyriformis

The comparative toxicities of selected phenols to higher plants Cucumis sativus were measured and the negative logarithm molar concentration of the root elongation median inhibition (IRC50) were derived. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were developed to explore the toxicity influencing factors and for predictive purpose. The toxicity data, fell into two classes: polar narcosis and bio-reactive. For polar narcotic phenols, a highly significant two-parameter QSAR based on 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow) and energy of the lowest unoccupied orbital (E(lumo)) was derived (IRC50 = 0.77 log Kow - 0.39E(lumo) + 2.36 n = 22 r2 = 0.89). The five bio-reactive chemicals proved to show elevated toxicity due to their typical substructure involved diverse reactive mechanisms. In an effort to model all chemicals, a robust multiple-variable QSAR combining logKow, E(lumo) and Qmax, the most negative net atomic charge, was developed (IRC50 = 0.65 logKow - 0.72E(lumo) + 0.23Qmax + 2.81 n = 27 r2 = 0.94), indicating that hydrophobicity, electrophilicity and hydrogen bond interaction contribute mainly to the phytotoxicity. The toxicological data was compared with Tetrahymena pyriformis 2-d population growth inhibition toxicity (IGC50) and excellent interspecies correlations were observed both for the polar narcotics and for five reactive chemicals (for polar narcotics: IRC50 = 0.95IGC50 + 1.07 n = 16 r2 = 0.89; for bio-reactive chemicals: IRC50 = 0.98IGC50 + 2.19 n = 5 r2 = 0.97; and for all: IRC50 = 0.93IGC50 + 1.63 n = 21 r2 = 0.87). This suggested that T pyriformis toxicity could serve as a surrogate of C. sativus toxicity for phenols and interspecies correlation also could be established for reactive chemicals.     

Quantification of joint effect for hydrogen bond and development of QSARs for predicting mixture toxicity

A QSAR model is successfully proposed to predict the toxicity effect on Photobacterium phosphoreum by nonpolar-narcotic-chemical mixtures and/or polar-narcotic-chemical mixtures. For nonpolar-narcotic-chemical mixtures and polar-narcotic-chemical mixtures, their corresponding hydrophobicity-based QSAR models are derived from regression analysis. Comparison of these two QSAR models make us believe that it is the joint effect of hydrogen bond in polar-narcotic-chemical mixture that leads to the difference between these two models. Such joint effect of hydrogen bond can be quantified as AMH and BMH by using the different partition coefficients of mixtures in various organic phase/water systems. And the regression analysis results convinced us that the introduction of AMH does improve the quality of the QSAR model with r2=0.948, S.E.=0.166 and F=745.201 at P=0.000 for total 84 mixtures.     

日本二噁英减排控制的历程、经验与启示

二噁英减排控制是《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的重要任务,是履行公约义务的难点.对日本二噁英减排控制20年来的实践历程进行了回顾和分析,总结出了其协调管理机制设立、法律法规标准建立、监测能力建设以及宣传教育等八个方面的成功经验,对中国二噁英减排控制工作有重要的借鉴意义.