Variation of cholinergic biomarkers in brain regions and blood components of captive mink

Studies are increasingly using cholinergic parameters as biomarkers of early neurotoxicity, but few have characterized this system in ecologically relevant model organisms. In the present study, key neurochemicals in the cholinergic pathway were measured and analyzed from discrete parts of brain and blood from captive mink (Mustela vison). Similar to other mammals, the regional distribution of cholinergic parameters in the brain could be ranked from highest to lowest as: basal ganglia > occipital cortex > brain stem > cerebellum (F _3,192?=?172.1, p?<?0.001). Higher variation in cholinergic parameters was found in the cerebellum (coefficient of variation = 34.9%), and the least variation was measured in the brain stem (19.7%). Variation was also assessed by calculating the difference between the lowest and highest measures among individual animals: choline acetyltransferase (1.6× fold difference), cholinesterase (2.0×), muscarinic receptor levels (2.4×), acetylcholine (3.7×), nicotinic receptor levels (3.9×), and choline transporter (5.0×). In blood samples, activity and inter-individual variation of cholinesterase was highest in whole blood and lowest in plasma and serum. By using captive mink of a common genetic source, age, gender, and rearing conditions, these data help establish normal levels, ranges, and variations of cholinergic biomarkers among brain regions, blood components, and individual animals. Such information may better enable the utility of cholinergic biomarkers in environmental assessments.     

垃圾填埋场爆炸灾害的发生与控制途径

论述了垃圾填埋场爆炸灾害的严重性，探讨了垃圾填埋场爆炸灾害发生的影响因素。并以此提出了垃圾填埋场爆炸灾害的控制技术途径。     

香港及珠三角地区MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演

为了有效解决地区性和城市范围内的气溶胶分布并反演陆地上气溶胶的性质,一种针对中分辨率成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)的气溶胶反演新算法应运而生.本文首先通过改良的最小反射率技术(MRT)来确定季节性的地表反射率和利用瑞利通道辐射率中解析出大气上气溶胶的反射率来估计气溶胶的反射系数.结果表明,MRT地表反射率的图像和MODIS地表反射系数的产品(MOD09)有很好的契合度.两者的相关系数高达0.9.此外,考虑到不同气溶胶的光学性质和太阳观测组合对计算辐射传输的影响,本研究还制定了全面广泛的差算表(LUT).由此产生的卫星500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)和香港太阳光度计(AERONET)及MicrotopsⅡ观测资料的相关系数r分别为0.96和0.87(相伴概率值P<0.0001).该研究证明了城区高分辨率气溶胶反演的可行性,还能帮助研究气溶胶的分布和城区大气瞬态污染的影响.此外,MODIS 500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度图像还可用于研究跨境气溶胶,使定位珠江三角洲区域污染源变得可行.     

引信液体储备电池的双环境力模拟方法

同时模拟发射时后坐和旋转两种弹道环境,是研究液体储备电池电性能参数与后坐力和旋转速度之间关系的重要手段。采用空气炮发射方法,将安装电池的弹丸射入旋转筒中,和旋转筒中的冲击垫碰撞,实现后坐与旋转双环境力的模拟。试验结果表明,此方法可以模拟过载在2000¹0000 g,旋转速度300010000 g,旋转速度3000¹2000 r/min的引信电池电性能试验和检测条件。     

三维定量构效关系研究进展

三维定量构效关系 ( 3D -QSAR)研究是QSAR发展的前沿。笔者在对 3D -QSAR作简要介绍的基础上 ,通过归纳分析其与传统QSAR的区别 ,论述了 3D -QSAR在方法学和应用方面的最新进展 ,并展望了其在环境科学研究中的应用前景和发展方向。      

中国水泥行业2011—2022年二氧化碳和大气污染物排放分析

2011—2021年,熟料产量呈波动上升趋势。水泥行业整体生产运行水平不断提高,熟料单条生产线平均规模由43.8万t/条提升至115.3万t/条,熟料单位产品综合能耗下降14.4%,熟料单位产品CO₂排放强度下降6.3%,但CO₂排放总量增加了13.8%,与氮氧化物减排趋势形成较大反差,碳污治理水平差距明显。熟料生产中石灰石分解和煤炭燃烧过程的CO₂排放合计占比为92.9%~93.8%,是CO₂排放的主要来源。由于熟料系数偏高、非碳酸盐原料替代不足、综合能耗仍然较高等原因,安徽等7个熟料产量大的省份的CO₂排放强度高于全国。建议实行碳酸盐熟料产量总量控制,逐步降低熟料应用比例,加快建材市场熟料产品和非碳酸盐原料替代,降低高标号水泥使用比例。应大力推广水泥行业节能降耗增效技术,加快熟料落后产能淘汰。对熟料产量大、碳排放强度高的地区,应结合当地碳排放特点,实行差别化降碳策略。各大气污染防治重点区域应因地施策推进水泥行业减污降碳工作。     

泥磷乳浊液联合磷矿浆液相脱硝

根据当前一些湿法脱硝技术在燃煤烟气净化中的应用及研究进展,降低湿法脱硝技术的成本是研究的关键,一些价格低廉的吸收液的选择是优先考虑的对象,为此,采用泥磷乳浊液联合磷矿浆进行脱硝效率实验,通过在磷矿浆中添加泥磷,提高了磷矿浆体系的脱硝效率。实验条件主要从泥磷与磷矿的质量比、反应温度、含氧量、烟气流量方面来控制。结果表明,在实验最佳条件下,即泥磷与磷矿的质量比2:5,反应温度60 ℃,含氧量21%,烟气流量0.3 L·min-1,泥磷乳浊液联合磷矿浆液相脱硝体系,脱硝率80%以上可保持240 min以上。     

Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Guangzhou, China: seasonal variations and sources

The atmospheric deposition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) was investigated at four locations in different suburban and urban functional districts of Guangzhou City. The annual deposition fluxes of total PBDD/Fs (eight 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to hexa-BDD/Fs) were in the range of 36-51 (mean 46) pg m(-2) day(-1), and the corresponding TEQ fluxes were estimated to range between 7.9 and 11.3 (mean 10.3) pg I-TEQ m(-2) day(-1), indicating a noticeable pollution level. The deposition fluxes of PBDD/Fs during the wet season were 2-4 times as high as those during the dry season. Both rainfall and temperature positively correlated with PBDD/F deposition fluxes. Ambient gas/particle partition coefficients (K(p)) were predicted with SPARC. It appears seasonal variations of PBDD/F deposition fluxes were influenced by meteorological parameters and the local usage of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The congener profiles of PBDD/Fs at four locations were similar either spatially or temporally, indicating that the main PBDD/F emission sources were similar to one another. Seasonal variations and congener patterns of PBDD/Fs indicated the possible sources included electronic waste recycling, industrial waste incinerators and products containing BFRs.     

天津市近岸海域氮、磷入海总量核算初探

污染物入海总量准确测算对于厘清污染源排放对近岸海域环境质量的影响具有重要意义。本研究聚焦天津市陆域和海域两个氮、磷入海通道,系统开展污染源调查和入海总量核算研究。针对陆域氮、磷入海量,研究建立一套基于入海系数的污染物入海通量计算方法,即以实测数据为基础,对土壤流失方程（USLE）模型进行了改进,并通过德尔菲法确定影响因子的权重系数,最终构建一套陆域氮、磷入海系数,在此基础上得到陆域氮、磷污染物入海量。通过与实测值进行分析比较,该方法具有较高的可信度。调查估算结果显示,“十三五”期间,天津市近岸海域总氮年均入海量为14490吨,总磷年均入海量为768吨,陆域氮、磷输入量占绝对优势。天津近岸海域氮、磷污染来源主要集中在永定新河、蓟运河、海河干流、独流减河,主要来自城镇居民和畜禽养殖等方面。     

Shark fin,a symbol of wealth and good fortune may pose health risks: the case of mercury

There is a lack of information concerning human health risks due to exposure to mercury contained in shark fins, through dietary intake. Health risk assessment of shark fins, collected from 5 cities in China: Hong Kong (HK), Beijing, Shanghai (SH), Haikou (HN) and Wenzhou (WZ), was conducted, based on total mercury and methylmercury, and analyzed by a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry equipped with high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The results showed that 16.8 % samples from HK, 8.3 % from SH, 33.3 % from HN, and 16.8 % from WZ were regarded as unsafe for human consumption. Extremely high consumption rates of shark fins for an adult and a child (0.150 and 0.0807 kg/day, respectively), at 95th centile, samples from WZ demonstrated high non-cancer risks (adverse health effects) (Hazard Quotient = 16.0) on adults (aged 25–65), and samples from SH, HN and WZ also showed high non-cancer risks (Hazard Quotient = 12.9, 21.0, and 34.4, respectively) on children (aged 1–7). Consumption of shark fins may be detrimental to human health.