Influences and mechanisms of nanoparticles on pentachloronitrobenzene accumulation by earthworms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Pesticides and nanoparticles may coexist in soil; however, influences of nanoparticles on accumulation of pesticides in terrestrial organisms are...     

税收竞争对环境污染的影响及传导机制分析

在中国经济高增长的背后,环境污染问题愈发凸显,不利于经济的可持续增长。税收竞争是影响环境污染的主要因素之一,但是学术界研究税收竞争对环境污染的影响及其作用机制的较少。本文按照污染物属性将其划分为外溢性污染物和非外溢性污染物,通过构建一个包含生产者、消费者、地方政府及中央政府的一般均衡模型,刻画了在税收竞争的背景下,地方政府的税收征管效率对不同属性污染物的影响及其传导机制。结果发现当污染物具有外溢性属性时,税收征管效率对该地环境污染的影响通过改变本地及周边地区资本存量渠道实现;当污染物具有非外溢性属性时,降低税收征管效率通过增加该地区资本存量而提高了环境污染。文章首先使用随机前沿模型测算了2007—2014年中国28个省份企业所得税的税收征管效率,并将其作为税收竞争的衡量指标,然后运用系统GMM法证实了所提的假说。研究显示:地方政府的税收竞争增加了本地区的资本存量;税收竞争是将本地资本存量作为其推高外溢性污染物(二氧化硫)及非外溢性污染物(固体废弃物)排放量的一个主要渠道,邻近地区资本存量则是推高外溢性污染物(二氧化硫)的次要渠道。这意味着,要想改善环境质量,中央政府应规范地方政府的税收竞争行为,尽快建立一套科学、有效的绿色GDP评价体系;完善地方转移支付制度;应针对各个地区的污染及经济发展情况利用财政激励手段引入环保、绿色的资本项目;地方政府应减少不利于环境改善的地方财政支出,增加环保投入比重。     

Investigation of declared seating preference and measured cognitive performance in a sunlit room

Current daylighting standards are not sufficient to guarantee a high-quality daylighting experience as they fail to take the behavior of building occupants into consideration. The way that a daylit room is appreciated and used has not been fully explored, especially under sunlighting conditions. This research is the first of its kind to assess how the distance between a subject and a sun patch on the floor is related to a broad range of behavioral responses, including conclusive preference and measured cognitive performance. One hundred subjects participated in a controlled experiment in a work setting. Investigations of the declared preferences of seating area and subjects' cognitive performances indicated that people are not always aware of the environmental factors that influence their behavior. Subjects were generally attracted to sunlight and outdoor views, but they did not necessarily perform best in these preferred areas. Privacy and a sense of control were two hidden factors that greatly affected subjects' decisions and performances. Current daylighting literature and design practice do not pay adequate attention to such factors as sense of visual control or privacy in the design of rooms. On the other hand, the perceived problem of visual glare caused by sunlight penetration did not affect performance as much as subjects believed it would. An additional result suggested that individual behaviors were more affected by environmental elements than were group activities.     

Rapid and long-effective removal of broad-spectrum pollutants from aqueous system by ZVI/oxidants

• The coupling of oxidants with ZVI overcome the impedance of ZVI passive layer. • ZVI/oxidants system achieved fast and long-effective removal of contaminants. • Multiple mechanisms are involved in contaminants removal by ZVI/oxidant system. • ZVI/Oxidants did not change the reducing property of ORP in the fixed-bed system. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) technology has recently gained significant interest in the efficient sequestration of a wide variety of contaminants. However, surface passivation of ZVI because of its intrinsic passive layer would lead to the inferior reactivity of ZVI and its lower efficacy in contaminant removal. Therefore, to activate the ZVI surface cheaply, continuously, and efficiently is an important challenge that ZVI technology must overcome before its wide-scale application. To date, several physical and chemical approaches have been extensively applied to increase the reactivity of the ZVI surface toward the elimination of broad-spectrum pollutants. Nevertheless, these techniques have several limitations such as low efficacy, narrow working pH, eco-toxicity, and high installation cost. The objective of this mini-review paper is to identify the critical role of oxygen in determining the reactivity of ZVI toward contaminant removal. Subsequently, the effect of three typical oxidants (H₂O₂, KMnO₄, and NaClO) on broad-spectrum contaminants removal by ZVI has been documented and discussed. The reaction mechanism and sequestration efficacies of the ZVI/oxidant system were evaluated and reviewed. The technical basis of the ZVI/oxidant approach is based on the half-reaction of the cathodic reduction of the oxidants. The oxidants commonly used in the water treatment industry, i.e., NaClO, O₃, and H₂O₂, can be served as an ideal coupling electron receptor. With the combination of these oxidants, the surface corrosion of ZVI can be continuously driven. The ZVI/oxidants technology has been compared with other conventional technologies and conclusions have been drawn.     

利用粒子群算法确定阶段曝气法设计中的泥龄

确定泥龄(SRT)是成功设计活性污泥法的关键,以往的SRT通常根据经验来估算。给出了确定阶段曝气法设置中SRT的一元无约束优化模型,并应用粒子群算法(PSO)求解该优化问题。数值实例结果表明,PSO能精确、快速地求解SRT,为污水处理厂的设计提供了理论依据。     

Gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal atmosphere of the north Yellow Sea, China

Samples of gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected at three sampling stations (Xiaomai Island, Laohutan, and Zhangzi Island) in the north Yellow Sea, China during November 2008 and September 2009 to study their atmospheric transport potential and the gas/particle distributions. The composition of PAHs was dominated by gaseous compounds. The percentages of the particle-phase PAHs to the total concentrations were found to be higher during the heating period than the non-heating period. The ratios of naphthalene and acenaphthene to phenanthrene, chrysene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene showed an increasing trend from Xiaomai Island to Zhangzi Island, which can be called as the local atmospheric distillation of PAHs. Gas/particle partitioning coefficients (K _p) and their relationship with the sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (pº_L) of PAHs were investigated. The regressions of logK _p versus logpº_L gave significant correlations for all samples of the three sites with r ² values in the range 0.56–0.66 (p?<?0.01). Both Junge–Pankow adsorption model and octanol–air partition coefficient absorption model tended to underestimate the sorption for most PAHs, but the absorption model appeared to be more suitable for predicting the particle fraction of PAHs than the Junge–Pankow model.     

长江口溢油数值模拟及对水源地影响

首先建立了一套基于非结构网格的长江口-杭州湾二维垂向平均潮流数学模型,又基于最新的实测资料重点对南支水域流速、流向和水位进行验证,充分证实了模型的可靠性。在潮流模型可靠的基础上为MIKE21 SA(溢油模块)提供水动力基础数据,建立了一套基于欧拉 拉格朗日体系的“油粒子”追踪技术,综合考虑油膜扩展、输移和风化过程的长江口溢油行为与归宿预测模型。并对长江口夏季和冬季大潮溢油事故发生后取水口油膜厚度的变化及油膜运动路径进行了模拟预测。研究表明：油膜在长江口受到往复流形式的涨落潮交替作用,油膜沿深槽向下游震荡漂移;〖JP2〗油膜在纵向上逐渐被拉伸,形成窄长的油带,覆盖面积逐渐增大;油膜的运动轨迹除了受到涨落潮流的主控外还易受风况和长江口水下地形等影响;夏季溢油对3个水库均有不同程度的影响,冬季溢油只威胁到陈行水库的取水;夏季油膜蒸发量大于冬季     

Effect of External Load at Varying Hand Positions on Perceived Discomfort

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of external load at varying hand positions on discomfort, and to provide a new classification of external load. An experiment was carried out in which 16 postures with an external load of 0, 1.5, 3 kg were tested. The postures were controlled by 2 independent variables of hand distance and hand height. The subjects were instructed to rate their perceived discomfort with magnitude estimation after holding a given posture for 1 min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) exhibited that the main effects of the 3 independent variables were statistically significant for discomfort. Discomfort increased linearly with external load and hand distance. Hand height showed a quadratic relation with discomfort, which exhibited a slightly different trend from hand distance and external load. Based on the results, a new classification of external load was proposed with 3 classes grouped by perceived discomfort.     

燃气连续泄漏扩散的三维模拟研究

准确掌握和明晰燃气泄漏扩散规律,准确地表达出在实际地理空间中燃气泄漏扩散浓度场的分布情况,具有十分重要的意义.以气体热力学、动力学、湍流扩散的梯度理论和统计理论为基础,分析在静风条件下无限空间瞬时点源扩散模式,考虑烟气抬升高度等因素,采用移动烟团积分方法,建立了改进的静风条件下地面点源的天然气连续泄漏扩散模型.以Matlab对模型作计算处理和数值模拟,并以CFD软件进行了模拟验证.     

“新四化”协同发展倍增效用分析

在新的时代背景下,诠释了农业现代化、新型工业化、新型城镇化和信息化的基本内涵.基于循环累积因果关系理论论证了“新四化”之间的互动关系,构建了协同发展状态下的“新四化”互动关系模型,分析了“新四化”之间的协同发展对社会经济发展的倍增效应,指出政府部门在“新四化”协同发展中的重要性.