农药污染环境质量评价

本文根据计算排毒系数的方法确定了主要污染源和污染物,又根据食入、饮进、呼吸等量建立了权重系统,由此而计算了中国不同农业区域的污染指数。结果表明,重污染区集中在长江、黄河流域的粮、棉产区,而且我国农业环境中BHC、DDT污染程度是向南或向北逐渐减弱。     

Characteristics and recent trends of sulfur dioxide at urban, rural, and background sites in North China: Effectiveness of control measures

SO₂ measurements made in recent years at sites in Beijing and its surrounding areas are performed to study the variations and trends of surface SO₂ at different types of sites in Northern China. The overall average concentrations of SO₂ are (16.8 ± 13.1) ppb, (14.8 ± 9.4) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb at China Meteorological Administration (CMA, Beijing urban area), Gucheng (GCH, relatively polluted rural area, 110 km to the southwest of Beijing urban area), and Shangdianzi (SDZ, clean background area, 100 km to the northeast of Beijing urban area), respectively. The SO₂ levels in winter (heating season) are 4-6 folds higher than those in summer. There are highly significant correlations among the daily means of SO₂ at different sites, indicating regional characteristics of SO₂ pollution. Diurnal patterns of surface SO₂ at all sites have a common feature with a daytime peak, which is probably caused by the downward mixing and/or the advection transport of SO₂-richer air over the North China Plain. The concentrations of SO₂ at CMA and GCH show highly significant downward trends (-4.4 ppb/yr for CMA and -2.4 ppb/yr for GCH), while a less significant trend (-0.3 ppb/yr) is identified in the data from SDZ, reflecting the character of SDZ as a regional atmospheric background site in North China. The SO₂ concentrations of all three sites show a significant decrease from period before to after the control measures for the 2008 Olympic Games, suggesting that the SO₂ pollution control has long-term effectiveness and benefits. In the post-Olympics period, the mean concentrations of SO₂ at CMA, GCH, and SDZ are (14.3 ± 11.0) ppb, (12.1 ± 7.7) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb, respectively, with reductions of 26%, 36%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the levels before. Detailed analysis shows that the differences of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction were not the dominant factors for the significant differences of SO₂ between the pre-Olympics and post-Olympics periods. By extracting the data being more representative of local or regional characteristics, a reduction of up to 40% for SO₂ in polluted areas and a reduction of 20% for regional SO₂ are obtained for the effect of control measures implemented for the Olympic Games.     

日本9.0级特大地震应急救援与灾后重建对我国的启示

本文简要阐述了日本9.0级特大地震的应急救援和灾后重建情况,总结其成功经验与失败教训。并详细分析了日本防灾救灾法律体系、防灾救灾组织管理系统和保险制度等。旨在广泛吸纳日本社会在防震减灾方面的成功模式和经验,形成具有中国特色的现代化防震减灾机制,从而进一步加快我国的防震减灾体系的建设。     

核壳结构TiO_2/SiO_2/Fe_3O_4颗粒的制备及性能研究

针对纳米Ti O2光催化剂回收困难、成本较高等问题,采用溶胶-凝胶法在表面包覆了Si O2的磁基体Fe3O4上负载Ti O2,制备出一种具有光催化作用的核壳结构Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4功能纳米颗粒。通过TEM、XRD等对其包覆效果及结构进行表征,结果表明,Si O2、Ti O2包覆的醇∶酯∶水的比例分别为4.6∶12.3∶1和30.3∶12.5∶1时可以得到包覆均匀的Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4功能颗粒。在可见光和紫外光的照射下,Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4光催化剂降解亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色率分别为85.16%和78.86%,使用5次后颗粒的回收率仍能保持在75%以上,具有优异的光催化降解性能,并且可重复利用率高。     

电厂燃煤锅炉颗粒物分段去除效率及成因分析

选取某大型发电企业进行实测,根据测试数据计算颗粒物去除装置对颗粒物的分段去除效率。结果表明:静电除尘器除尘效率为99.91%、湿法脱硫装置除尘效率为60.51%、湿法脱硫装置出口相对静电除尘器进口的颗粒物去除效率为99.61%、湿法脱硫装置出口颗粒物浓度是静电除尘器出口颗粒物浓度的4.18倍。此外,也依据计算结果并结合实际情况分析了影响各除尘段颗粒物去除效率的主要成因,这些成因主要包括各除尘段功能、脱硫剂与脱硫副产品的颗粒物、脱硫装置运行平稳性等,期望本研究成果能对电厂燃煤锅炉大气污染控制设施关系调整、重新设计及大气环境污染治理思路调整提供重要科学依据与指导。     

预防事故的行为干预技术及应用

行为干预技术是近来国外一种颇为盛行,效果甚好的以“人”为中心的事故预防方法。概要介绍此技术的研究现状、理论依据及要点、应用情况和在我国开展应用研究的方案设计     

云技术在石油行业应急管理中的思考

面对石油行业突发事件全过程,利用大数据云处理技术,以应急管理4阶段为划分标准,将云技术运用到应急管理四大阶段当中,为解决缺乏合理的信息技术手段、应急信息搜集不全面、数据挖掘分析技术落后、决策支持模型构建不完善等落后的临时性应急管理模式,找寻到一种高效应急管理模式的新方向。     

卷烟企业安全检查考核管理模式研究

安全检查考核是解决企业安全生产过程中存在的问题,有效预防安全事故发生的重要环节和有效手段。根据《国家烟草专卖局关于认真落实国务院办公厅进一步推进安全生产＂三项行动＂通知的通知》和《烟草行业安全生产工作要点》等一系列文件精神和要求,明确安全管理目标和任务指标,认真落实安全生产责任制,严格执行安全生产监管考核机制,结合滕州卷烟厂的实际情况,提出了卷烟企业安全检查考核管理模式。     

两级序批式MBR膜污染特性研究

采用两级SBR与膜法相结合的两级序批式MBR工艺处理生活污水,考察两级序批式运行模式对膜污染特性的影响.对运行111 d后的平板膜污染阻力分布进行了测算,并对两级序批式MBR与连续流单级好氧MBR的平板膜污染速率进行对比试验.结果表明: 两级序批式MBR的平板膜污染阻力以凝胶极化阻力为主,占总阻力的43%,沉积阻力较低,仅占总阻力的10%;与连续流单级好氧MBR相比,两级序批式MBR可以在更高的膜通量下运行,保持更低的膜污染速率,在运行42 d后,过膜流量从100 L/h下降至85 L/h,过膜压差从1.52×10~4 Pa增加至2.22×10~4 Pa;而连续流好氧MBR系统,过膜流量从61 L/h降低至39 L/h,过膜压差却从1.01×10~4 Pa增加至2.63×10~4 Pa.研究表明,两级序批式MBR工艺可以改善膜过滤过程的水力条件,从而有效地减缓浓差极化,降低沉积污染及凝胶层污染,序批式、膜间歇运行与空曝的结合起到了关键性作用.     

天然黏土矿物原位钝化修复镉污染土壤的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了海泡石、膨润土和高岭土对镉污染土壤的钝化修复作用.结果表明,投加3种天然黏土矿物均未能显著提高油菜的生物量,但从变化趋势来看,海泡石处理的增产作用优于高岭土和膨润土处理.供试矿物均能有效降低油菜体内Cd质量比,其中海泡石处理对油菜地上部Cd质量比降低效果最为显著,降低率最大为27.88%; 而膨润土处理对油菜根部Cd质量比降低效果最好,降低率最大为25.94%; 高岭土对油菜体内Cd质量比的降低效果最差.投加海泡石显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有效态Cd质量比显著降低; 而添加高岭土则使土壤pH值略有下降,对土壤有效态Cd质量比无显著影响; 投加膨润土对土壤pH值无显著影响,但可以显著降低土壤有效态Cd质量比.施加海泡石和膨润土后,土壤交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd质量比显著降低,残渣态Cd质量比显著升高; 而施用高岭土仅使碳酸盐结合态Cd质量比显著升高.综合试验结果,3种天然黏土矿物钝化修复土壤Cd污染的能力从大到小依次为海泡石、膨润土、高岭土.