完善广东省环境应急管理机制研究

通过对多起北江污染事件(2005年北江镉污染、2010年北江铊污染、2011年武江河锑污染)的案例分析,探究突发环境污染事件的共同特征(由企业违法排污重金属污染物或EPA重点控制优先污染物造成)和演变趋势(影响范围逐渐扩大致应急管理要求逐渐提高),提出重点防控环境优先污染物、整治重污染行业、加强环境承载能力预警、实行强制环境责任保险制度等环境应急管理对策,完善广东省环境应急管理机制.     

卷烟制造的碳排放核算研究

基于ISO14064-l标准和IPCC 2006理论,构建了卷烟制造过程的碳排放模型,并对广州、韶关、梅州和湛江4家卷烟厂进行了碳排放核算分析,结果表明:(1)万支卷烟碳排放随着卷烟产量的提高而降低;(2)C02是卷烟厂最主要的碳排放来源;(3)外购电力和固定燃烧产生的碳排放是卷烟厂最主要的碳排放源;(4)卷接包、锅炉、制丝3个工艺段产生的碳排放最多;(5)耗能设备中空调系统产生了最多的外购电力碳排放,同时因蒸汽使用造成了最多的固定燃烧碳排放.     

进水C/N对A~2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧与生物接触氧化工艺组成的双污泥系统(A~2/O-BCO)处理实际生活污水.通过投加乙酸钠调节进水碳氮比(C/N=2.44~8.85),考察了系统的反硝化除磷特性.试验结果表明:进水有机物主要是通过改变硝化性能(即缺氧段反硝化负荷)以及聚-β-羟基链烷酸脂(PHA)的贮存和利用,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷效果.当进水C/N为4~5时,COD、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P去除率分别达到88%,80%和96%,实现了有机物、氮和磷的同步高效去除.碳平衡分析表明,A~2/O反应器去除的COD占去除总量的71.86%~77.28%,BCO反应器去除的COD仅占2%~12%,碳源的高效利用是A~2/O-BCO工艺在低C/N条件下实现深度脱氮除磷的重要原因.此外,通过进水C/N与曝气量、硝化液回流比、厌/缺氧反应时间等相关性的分析,提出了系统的优化运行策略.     

Reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of anaerobic digested sludge

The reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of broken anaerobic digested sludge(ADS)is important to ensure the efficiency of sludge treatment or management processes.This study investigated the effect of continuous strong shear(CSS)and multipulse shear(MPS)on the zeta potential,size(median size,d_(50)),mass fractal dimension(D_F),and capillary suction time(CST)of ADS aggregates.Moreover,the self-regrowth(SR)of broken ADS aggregates during slow mixing was also analyzed.The results show that raw ADS with d_(50) of 56.5μm was insensitive to CSS–SR or MPS–SR,though the size slightly decreased after the breakage phase.For conditioned ADS with d_(50) larger than 600μm,the breakage in small-scale surface erosion changed to large-scale fragmentation as the CSS strength increased.In most cases,after CSS or MPS,the broken ADS had a relatively more compact structure than before and d_(50) is at least 200μm.The CST of the broken fragments from optimally dosed ADS increased,whereas that corresponding to overdosed ADS decreased.MPS treatment resulted in larger and more compact broken ADS fragments with a lower CST value than CSS.During the subsequent slow mixing,the broken ADS aggregates did not recover their charge,size,and dewaterability to the initial values before breakage.In addition,less than 15%self-regrowth in terms of percentage of the regrowth factor was observed in broken ADS after CSS at average velocity gradient no less than 1905.6 sec~(-1).     

全球大气硫循环及区域交叉影响

二氧化硫和硫酸盐是硫的重要存在形式,是影响环境空气质量的重要大气污染物.硫酸盐气溶胶是影响全球气候变化的重要大气组分,大气中的硫酸盐气溶胶生命周期短,其浓度空间差异大、时间变化显著.在区域尺度乃至全球尺度研究其迁移转化和区域交叉影响,具有十分重要的科学意义.本研究以2010年SO_2全球排放清单为基础,应用国际通用大气化学模式(Mozart-4),模拟全球大气硫的迁移转化及其季节变化和空间分布特征,并分析全球不同区域间的交叉影响.结果表明:1SO_2柱浓度全球年均值为424.73μg S·m~(-2),中东及南亚最高,达3629.27μg S·m~(-2),南美最低,为181.06μg S·m~(-2).2硫酸盐柱浓度全球年均值为1572.86μg S·m~(-2),东亚年均硫酸盐柱浓度最高,达4556.58μg S·m~(-2),南美最低,为1014.33μg S·m~(-2).3冬季SO_2柱浓度高于其他春夏秋3季,夏季硫酸盐柱浓度高于冬季,主要是由于冬季低温使SO_2不易转化为硫酸盐.4硫酸盐表现出明显的全球迁移特征,全球各区域间交叉影响显著.东亚的净输出量最大,达4.01 Tg S·a~(-1).非洲、中亚及俄罗斯硫酸盐柱浓度的外源影响比例分别高达80.54%和73.00%.     

青藏高原背景站大气VOCs浓度变化特征及来源分析

采用大气预浓缩与气象色谱/质谱联用法,对2013-09-13到2013-10-14期间在国家大气背景站青海门源站所采集的大气样品进行分析.结果显示,本次研究共检测出38种挥发性有机物(VOCs),其中烷烃16种,烯烃11种,芳香烃9种,卤代烃2种.从组成成分来看,烷烃所占比例最大,达58.6%,烯烃和芳香烃分别占29%和10.5%,卤代烃所占比例最小,仅为1.7%.观测期间大多数VOCs物种呈现白天浓度低、夜晚浓度高的变化趋势,具有明显的高原站点特性,但异戊烷、异戊二烯、甲苯则呈现相反趋势.采用臭氧生成潜势(OFP)对VOCs各组分活性进行分析,各类VOCs中烯烃对OFP贡献最大.利用主成分分析VOCs物种,提取出4个因子,分别归类于燃烧源、天然气和液化石油气的泄露、工业源、生物源.结合HYSPLIT 4.0后向轨迹模型,进一步确定气团的来源与运输途径,发现来自南向的污染源贡献是门源地区VOCs物种浓度增加的主要原因.     

Removal of 2-ClBP from soil–water system using activated carbon supported nanoscale zerovalent iron

We explored the feasibility and removal mechanism of removing 2-chlorobiphenyl(2-Cl BP)from soil–water system using granular activated carbon(GAC) impregnated with nanoscale zerovalent iron(reactive activated carbon or RAC).The RAC samples were successfully synthesized by the liquid precipitation method.The mesoporous GAC based RAC with low iron content(1.32%) exhibited higher 2-Cl BP removal efficiency(54.6%) in the water phase.The result of Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model implied that the different molecular structures between 2-Cl BP and trichloroethylene(TCE) resulted in more difference in dechlorination reaction rates on RAC than adsorption capacities.Compared to removing2-Cl BP in the water phase,RAC removed the 2-Cl BP more slowly in the soil phase due to the significant external mass transfer resistance.However,in the soil phase,a better removal capacity of RAC was observed than its base GAC because the chemical dechlorination played a more important role in total removal process for 2-Cl BP.This important result verified the effectiveness of RAC for removing 2-Cl BP in the soil phase.Although reducing the total RAC removal rate of 2-Cl BP,soil organic matter(SOM),especially the soft carbon,also served as an electron transfer medium to promote the dechlorination of 2-Cl BP in the long term.     

Synthesis and kinetics investigation of meso-microporous Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia

A series of meso-microporous Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts were successfully synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal crystallization method, and these catalysts exhibited excellent NH_3-SCR performance at low temperature. Their structure and physic chemical properties were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction patterns(XRD), Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM), N_2 sorption-desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission spectrometer(ICP-AES), X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XPS),Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia(NH_3-TPD), Ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV-Vis DRS) and Temperature programmed reduction(TPR).The analysis results indicate that the high activities of Cu-SAPO-34 catalysts could be attributed to the enhancement of redox property, the formation of mesopores and the more acid sites. Furthermore, the kinetic results verify that the formation of mesopores remarkably reduces diffusion resistance and then improves the accessibility of reactants to catalytically active sites. The 1.0-Cu-SAPO-34 catalyst exhibited the high NO conversion( 90%) among the wide activity temperature window in the range of 150–425℃.     

重金属对秀丽隐杆线虫繁殖的影响

为了探究重金属单独及联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)繁殖的影响及其作用机制,采用96孔板液相暴露试验,以环境相关浓度(0.1~50.0 μg/L)的Cd、Hg、Pb暴露同步化处理秀丽隐杆线虫,24 h后统计其怀卵数及阴门畸形率,以及连续记录72 h内子一代秀丽隐杆线虫的个体数,最后利用2×2析因设计方差分析阐明重金属的两两联合作用模式. 结果表明:与对照组相比,Cd、Hg、Pb单独及联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖具有显著抑制作用,ρ(Cd)为50.0 μg/L、ρ(Hg)为10.0 μg/L、ρ(Pb)为50.0 μg/L暴露组秀丽隐杆线虫子一代数量分别降低了43.5%、33.8%、51.0%;Cd-Hg暴露组〔当ρ(Cd)、ρ(Hg)分别为50.0、10.0 μg/L时〕、Hg-Pb暴露组〔当ρ(Hg)、ρ(Pb)分别为10.0、50.0 μg/L时〕、Cd-Pb暴露组〔当ρ(Cd)、ρ(Pb)分别为50.0、50.0 μg/L时〕秀丽隐杆线虫子一代个体数分别降低了44.7%、61.0%、53.3%. 进一步研究发现,Cd、Hg、Pb单独及联合暴露会引起秀丽隐杆线虫子宫内受精卵数量降低以及产卵器阴门结构畸形率升高. 2×2析因设计方差分析结果发现,Cd、Hg、Pb两两联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖表现为没有交互作用或者交互方式为拮抗. 研究显示,秀丽隐杆线虫子宫内怀卵数的降低是其子一代数量显著减少的主要原因,而阴门结构的损伤可能使产卵行为受损,从而进一步加剧重金属对秀丽隐杆线虫繁殖的抑制作用.      

流域水生态安全评估方法

为建立合理的流域水生态安全评估指标体系,以流域为对象,对水生态安全内涵进行了阐释,并对流域水生态安全评估指标进行了系统分析.基于“压力、状态、功能、风险”四要素,构建了“目标层-方案层-要素层-指标层”的评估体系,其中方案层包括水生态压力、水生态状况、水生态功能和水生态风险4个方面,涵盖土地利用、水资源利用、污染物排放、栖息地状态、水生态质量、水产品供给、休闲娱乐、水环境净化、重金属风险等9个评估要素18个评估指标,并详尽表述了各评估指标的内涵及其计算方法.采用综合指数法计算ESI(生态安全指数),并根据ESI得分将水生态系统的安全评级分为安全(3.5≤ESI≤4.0)、较安全(2.5≤ESI<3.5)、一般(1.5≤ESI<2.5)、不安全(0.5≤ESI<1.5)和很不安全(0≤ESI<0.5)5个级别,构建了多指标的流域水生态安全评估方法.