Lead contamination in tea garden soils and factors affecting its bioavailability

The consumption of heavy metals is detrimental to human health and most countries restrict the concentration of metals such as lead (Pb) in food and beverages. Recent tests have detected high Pb concentrations in certain commercial brands of tea leaves and this finding has raised concerns for both producers and consumers. To investigate what factors may be contributing to the increase in Pb accumulation in the tea leaves we collected tea leaves and soils from tea producing areas and analyzed them for Pb concentration, pH and organic matter content. The result showed the Pb concentration of 47% investigated tea leaves samples was beyond 2 mg kg(-1), the permissible levels given by China. The total Pb concentration in the surface and subsurface soil layers averaged 36.4 and 32.2 mg kg(-1), respectively which fall below of the 60 mg kg(-1) limit provided for organic tea gardens in China. The pH of the tea garden soils was severely acidic with the lowest pH of 3.37. Soils under older tea gardens tended to have a lower pH and a higher Pb bioavailability which was defined as the amount of lead extracted by CaCl2 solution than those under younger tea gardens. We found that the concentration of bioavailable Pb and the percentage of bioavailable Pb (bioavailable Pb relative to total Pb concentration) were positively correlated with soil H+ activity and soil organic matter content, and the organic matter accumulation contribute more effects on Pb bioavailability in these two factors. We conclude that soil acidification and organic matter accumulation could contribute to increasing Pb bioavailability in soil and that these could increase Pb uptake and accumulation in the tea leaves.     

采用序半连续反应器进行硝化和反硝化工艺的数学模拟

研究了生物废水处理应用于序半连续式反应器(SFBR)工艺中的微生物生长、硝化和反硝化动力学。基于活性污泥1号模型(ASMNo. 1)中的原理和结论,导出了在有氧阶段和缺氧阶段微生物生长速率、铵、硝酸盐、易生物降解基质等的反应速率及它们的物料平衡方程。在实验的基础上,对模型中的各参数采用了合适的方法进行参数估值,即:龙格库塔法解常微分方程组和黄金分割法搜索最小误差,该模型的最小误差ε≈4 799;得出了应用于本工艺中数学模型中的各动力学参数和化学计量系数,如KS 39. 997,KNO 0 .397,KNH 1 997,KOA 0 .404,KOH 0. 297, μA 0 .0026,μH 0. 207,YA 0 .24,YH. 0 6。     

铬（Ⅲ）和铬（Ⅵ）的离子色谱分析

本文对水样中Ｃｄｒ和Ｃｒ的离子色谱分析结果表明：Ｃｒ经柱前衍生，与ＣＣｒｔＯ＾２－４状态存在的Ｃｒ在阴离子交换柱上分离，用光度法检测。Ｃｒ和Ｃｒ以最低检出限分别为３０μｇ．ｌ＾－１和１μｇ．ｌ＾－１，常见阴，阳离子不干扰。     

PFOS对星形胶质细胞表观遗传调控作用初探

脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)甲基化在全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)神经毒性中的作用已证实,但表观遗传修饰中其他调控因子在PFOS对星形胶质细胞毒性中的影响仍有待探索。本文以大鼠原代星形胶质细胞为体外生物体系,建立24 h PFOS(0、25、50和100μmol·L~(-1))暴露模型,通过观察PFOS暴露对星形胶质细胞表观遗传调控主要分子DNA甲基化酶(DNMTs)、组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)和小泛素化修饰物(SUMOs)的影响,初步明确表观遗传调控机制参与PFOS神经毒性作用。采用Hoechst 33258检测细胞凋亡,利用ELISA试剂盒检测HDACs含量,以实时荧光定量PCR考察DNMTs、HDACs和SUMOs基因表达。结果显示,星形胶质细胞暴露于一定浓度PFOS(≥25μmol·L~(-1))时产生凋亡现象(P0.05),HDACs含量升高(P0.05),且DNMT1、HDAC1/2/4与SUMO-1的基因表达显著升高(P0.05);而当PFOS浓度高于50μmol·L~(-1)时,可显著诱导DNMT3A、SUMO-2的基因表达(P0.05); DNMT3B在PFOS≥25μmol·L~(-1)时,其基因表达具有升高趋势,但不具统计学显著性(P0.05)。结果表明,PFOS可以影响星形胶质细胞的表观遗传修饰;表观遗传修饰可能是PFOS神经毒性作用机制之一。     

清洁生产审计废物评估技术方法探讨

清洁生产审计废物评估县企业进行清洁生产审计工作的技术关键，本文提出的评估技术方法的主要内容是，对审计重点进行总物料平衡和水总量平衡的实测。进行废物起因分析和废物排放量分析。利用该技术方法，对化纤印花生产示范实例进行了清洁生产审计评估和分析。     

水中有机物的毛细管色谱法测定

以大孔径树脂为富集剂,逆流串联富集法,一次性富集水中有机物;以毛细管气相色谱法测定了地面水、工业废水中硝基苯类、苯胺类,苯酚类等15种有机物。难分离对的分离度均大于1.5。精密度、准确度均满足气相色谱分析的要求。     

重庆市区域性暴雨危险性定量分析及其时空分布规律研究

区域性暴雨是重庆市危害性最大的自然灾害之一,对其研究有助于科学地开展防灾减灾工作。利用重庆市34个国家基本气象站逐日降水资料,采用概率统计、Matlab小波分析和ArcGIS空间分析等方法,研究1962~2016年重庆市发生的176场区域性暴雨危险度及其时空分布规律。得出如下结论:选择区域性暴雨平均降水量、日降雨极值、区域性暴雨覆盖范围和持续时间4个指标评价重庆市区域性暴雨危险度。在176场区域性暴雨中,轻度危险出现83次,占47.16%;中度危险49次,占27.84%;重度危险35次,占19.89%;极重度危险9次,占5.11%。从时间变化上看,6月和7月是重庆市区域性暴雨的多发期,7月区域性暴雨危险度平均指数最高,其他月份相对较低;重庆市年区域性暴雨危险度存在7a和28a的变化周期;各年代的区域性暴雨发生次数及其危险度差异较小,但各年代内区域性暴雨危险度等级构成差异较大。从空间分布上看,区域性暴雨中心地区差异明显,渝东北部地区的开州和渝西部地区的荣昌是重庆市区域性暴雨中心;各季节的区域性暴雨中心也存在明显差异,春季区域性暴雨中心主要出现在渝西部地区,夏季主要出现在渝东北部和渝西部地区,秋季主要出现在渝东北部地区。     

青岛市省级生态红线区产业准入负面清单制定方法及实践研究

结合法律法规和专家咨询法,对整合产业进行生态影响识别,并与现有政策进行衔接,建立了青岛市三类省级生态红线区产业准入负面清单。土壤保持、水源涵养、生物多样性维护三类红线区涉及(A-T)20类产业,三类红线区B、C、H、K类是全禁止,生物多样性维护红线区F类全禁止。A类产业中仅有林业均是正影响,I类和M类产业生态影响小,L、Q、S类禁止所有设施建设。此外,一些产业受限于设施建设,如果仅提供服务,则不纳入负面清单。     

Effect of copper tolerant Elsholtzia splendens on bacterial community associated with Commelina communis on a copper mine spoil

Facilitation, or positive plant–plant interaction, has received increasing concern from ecologists over the last two decades. Facilitation may occur through direct mitigation of severe environments or indirect mediation by a third participant from the same or different trophic levels. The copper(Cu) tolerant species Elsholtzia splendens facilitates the establishment and growth of co-occurring Commelina communis through indirect enrichment of microbial activity. However, whether and how E. splendens impacts the microbial community that is associated with C. communis is less known. We characterized the soil bacterial community in the rhizosphere of C. communis in the absence and presence of E.splendens using PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing. The result showed that the richness of the bacterial community increased, but diversity and evenness remained similar, in the presence of E. splendens.Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria. The relative abundance of dominant and minor bacterial groups showed distinctly different responses to E. splendens. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that variation of the bacterial community was determined by multiple factors and might be driven by the tested soil parameters collectively, or alternatively changed through plant root exudates or other microorganisms. Our results enhance the understanding of how the bacterial community associated with a beneficiary plant responds to a benefactor plant and suggests that the changes of bacterial community composition may have far-reaching influence on plant–soil feedback and the aboveground plant community in the long run.     

基于UNMIX模型对大气降雨中水溶性离子来源解析

对洛杉矾2005年1月至2015年1月的降水数据进行了分析,并通过UNMIX模型对降水中的无机离子成分进行了来源解析.结果表明,洛杉矶降水的pH均值为4.84,表现为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;降水的污染来源主要有3个,分别是二次污染源(50％)、海洋传输源(43％)、燃煤源及生物质燃烧源(7％);降水中离子解析结果与洛杉矶地区细颗粒物污染来源解析结果有较好的一致性,表明在细颗粒物化学成分缺失的情况下,降水离子可在一定程度上反应污染来源解析.