港口环境风险管理探——以天津港为例

中国是一个海洋大国,海洋和港口的环境保护得到了国家的高度重视.港口的环境风险防范管理是一个较新的研究领域,当前中国港口经济的高速增长必然带来港口环境风险的增加,对风险进行有效地评价和管理对国家的经济发展和环境保护具有重要意义.本文对天津港环境风险管理的过程进行了较为系统的探讨,分析了天津港环境风险管理技术思路和主要内容,对天津港存在的环境风险因子做了识别,并对环境风险的评估方法做了针对性总结,为港口的风险防范措施提供了一些建议.     

室温Fenton反应过程H2O2有效利用率的影响因素研究

Fenton反应是H2O2在Fe^2＋催化作用下产生氧自由基并氧化污染物的高效方法。但影响Fenton反应过程H2O2分解及其有效利用率的因素是很多的,其中[Fe^2＋]要求控制在3mmol／L以上。酚类体系H2O2的有效利用率不受H2O2浓度变化的影响,但受初始COD的影响,一般表现为随COD的增加,H2O2有效利用率迅速增加。当初始COD一定时,H2O2浓度在600mg／L和1800mg／L时,一元酚与二元酚体系的H2O2有效利用率均出现了两个峰值,前者的峰值分别为11．83gCOD／gH2O2和12．99gCOD／gH2O2,后者的峰值分别为9．01和11．95gCOD／gH2O2。而醇类体系H2O2的有效利用率受H2O2浓度的影响较大,但与初始COD的关系不明显。当H2O2浓度低于300mg／L时,乙醇比对照体系H2O2的分解率高1-3％,而有效利用率仅为0．6gCOD／gH2O2;随H2O2用量的继续增加,其有效利用率趋于0gCOD／gH2O2。而二元醇体系H2O2有效利用率与其浓度间呈“倒U”型规律,H2O2低于300mg／L时,其有效利用率仅为1．25gCOD／gH2O2;H2O2浓度在300mg／L～900mg／L之间时,其有效利用率可达8．96gCOD／gH2O2;其后随着H2O2的增加,有效利用率迅速下降到与乙醇体系相当。在混合体系中,醇羟基和酚羟基所占比例对H2O2有效利用率也有显著的影响,当乙醇比例小于60％时,H2O2有效利用率稳定在13．0gCOD／gH2O2;随乙醇比例的增加,其对H2O2的分解抑制效应表现出剂量依赖关系,H2O2有效利用率也逐渐下降到近于0gCOD／gH2O2,说明这部分H2O2并没有得以有效地分解用于氧化废水中的COD,这在工程实践中应引起高度的重视。     

厌氧处理乙酸丁酯废水的实验研究

乙酸丁酯废水是一种重要的化工原料,每生产一顿乙酸丁酯可产生140kg废水,本实验利用3L上流式厌氧污泥床UASB反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度乙酸丁酯废水。当UASB反应器稳定运行时,进水CODcr=10000mg／L时,容积负荷可达到13kgCOD／（m^3d）,水力停留时间24h,COD去除率可以达到80％以上,出水COD小于2000mg／L。通过本试验取得的良好试验效果,为处理乙酸丁酯废水找出了可行的途径。     

污水处理厂达标外排水对受纳水体影响的研究

文章通过模拟实验发现污水处理厂达标外排水对受纳水体具有明显的生态效应。实验结果表明,水中有机物与叶绿素都随接纳水量而增加,COD除3#比对照低32％外,2、4和5#中COD分别比对照高93％、46％和46％;叶绿素除3群比对照低51．7％外,2、4和5#中叶绿素分别比对照高129．9％、106．5％和81．8％。总氮随接纳水量的增加而显著增加,而水中总磷与接纳废水量的关系并不显著。根据Redfield比值。判断,对照体系1#中氮磷相对平衡,而接纳水量最少的2#系统N起限制作用,随着接纳水量的进一步增加,磷则成为主要的限制性因素。同时,外排水对受纳水体溶解性无机盐的积累贡献明显,2#～5#体系在45d内TSS的相对积累率分别达到153．9％、118．3％、243．3％和312．6％。外排水对受纳水体底泥有机质含量的影响也十分显著,2#-5撑体系底泥中的有机物比对照体系都显著降低,分解速率平均提高3倍。这说明接纳水中的有机物并没有引起水体中有机物的沉降与积聚,反而促进了底泥中有机物的矿质化过程。     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔGo° ( − 0.8–4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH° (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS° (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr (III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E _a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intraparticle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

同流环境多圆孔热废水排放数值模拟

各种热电、核电厂排出的热污(废)水在直接进入环境流体之前,以多孔口浮射流的形式释放污水并确保污水在排污口快速混合非常重要。精确的了解和预测多孔浮射流的特性与混合状况有很重要的意义。针对同向流动环境中多圆形孔口热水排放的情况,采用雷诺应力模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同流速比和不同射流温度下的流场和温度场、浮射流的轨迹线、轴线上温度和速度的衰减规律,并且分析了不同孔间距、流速比和射流温度对流场中流速和温度的影响。     

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

二级曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺在屠宰废水处理中的应用

屠宰废水有机物浓度和色度较高,水质和水量波动较大。采用连续流二级曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理东北某肉业集团公司屠宰加工废水,在进水COD浓度为3 000~3 200 mg/L,BOD5为1 000~1 200 mg/L,SS=1 000~1 200 mg/L的情况下,对系统的处理性能进行研究。结果表明,当气/水比为2:1时,二级BAF去除污染物效果最好,此时,系统对COD、BOD5、氨氮、TN和SS总的去除率分别为87.11%、87.78%、91.1%、51.0%和92.1%。BAF工艺表现出了较强的处理能力和抗冲击负荷能力,出水能够连续稳定地满足国家《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》(GB13457-92)二级排放标准。     

断层形变异常强度在跨断层水准测量中的应用——以安徽及临近地区为例

对苏鲁皖地区布设的跨“郯庐断裂”定点短水准资料及“霍山窗”内流动水准资料进行整理。根据断层活动速率求解断层形变异常强度,基于其变化特征与本区中强地震的对比研究,发现在研究区域断层活动整体处于断层形变强度较低的背景下局部断层活动异常对地震预测有一定的指示意义,中强地震多发在异常强度加强的年份或者其后,可以视为中尺度时间的...     

Environmental dispersivity in free-water-surface-effect dominated wetland: multi-scale analysis

Distinct from the case with width-dominated shallow wetland flows, the longitudinal evolution of contaminant concentration in the most-typical pattern of wetland as dominated by free-water-surface-effect is characterized by a multi-scale analysis in the present study. An environmental dispersion model for the evolution of the mean concentration is deduced as an extension of Taylor’s classical formulation by Mei’s multi-scale analysis. Corresponding environmental dispersivity is found identical to that determined by the method of concentration moments.