Ozonation of azo dye Acid Red 14 in a microporous tube-in-tube microchannel reactor: decolorization and mechanism

Despite the great success of time-weighted average passive sampling of hydrophobic contaminants, such as PCBs and PAHs, the sampling of polar organic compounds still presents a challenge because the equilibrium between water and most sampling phases is attained in a relatively short time. In this study, we proposed a new time-integrative sampler using in situ solvent extraction (TISIS) for polar organic chemicals. The sampler was composed of a 15 cm poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) tubing, with an internal diameter of 0.5 mm and wall thickness of 0.5 mm, through which an extraction solvent (acetonitrile) was passed. Four polar organic contaminants, caffeine, atrazine, diuron and 17α-ethynylestradiol, were chosen for the evaluation of the performance of the sampler. Without the use of in situ solvent extraction, the PDMS tubing when exposed to a constant aqueous concentration of the four model compounds was able to linearly accumulate those compounds for less than 12 h and equilibrium between the PDMS tubing and water was attained in 2 d under our laboratory conditions. However, TISIS when exposed to a constant aqueous concentration was able to linearly accumulate all the model compounds without any exposure time limitation. The measured sampling rates at three different extraction flow rates (0.2, 0.5, 1.5 mL min⁻¹) were similar, regardless of the chemicals, indicating that the overall mass transfer from aqueous solution to the extraction solvent was most likely dominated by partitioning to the PDMS tubing and the internal diffusion within PDMS. In addition, a pulsed exposure experiment confirmed that TISIS operated in a time-integrative mode when the environmental concentration was highly fluctuated.     

中置生物活性炭滤池的选炭

实验通过对传统臭氧-生物活性炭工艺的调整,采用臭氧-曝气生物活性炭滤池-砂滤池工艺,对比研究了4mm柱状炭、4 mm破碎炭和1.5 mm柱状炭3种不同类型活性炭用于给水深度处理的运行效果。结果表明,粒径为1.5 mm的柱状炭对有机物和氨氮的去除效果以及出水浊度方面优于其他2种活性炭,但炭滤池水头损失偏大,且不够稳定,适当增加柱状炭的粒径可稳定和降低滤池的水头损失。     

Quantification of the inhibitory effect of methyl fluoride on methanogenesis in mesophilic anaerobic granular systems

The inhibitory effect of CH₃F on methanogenesis in mesophilic anaerobic granules was tested at different concentrations (0-10% v/v, in the gas phase) and verified by the stable carbon isotopic signatures of CH₄ and CO₂. The results showed that the inhibitory effect increased with the initial CH₃F concentration up to 5%. The CH₃F concentration causing 50% metabolic inhibition was 0.32%. Complete inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis with a 91% reduction in total methanogenic activity was achieved when 5% CH₃F was initially added to the headspace, which resulted in 870 μM dissolved CH₃F in the liquid. It was much higher than that applied in other natural anoxic non-granular systems, indicating that the layered granular structure influenced the inhibitory effect. The obvious increase in hydrogen content indicated that high concentrations of CH₃F (?5%) suppressed hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis as well. The stable inhibition lasted for at least 6 d as the CH₃F concentration decreased slowly with incubation time. These results suggested that CH₃F could be used for investigating methanogenic processes in anaerobic granular systems after the CH₃F concentration and incubation time for specific inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis were carefully determined. In the present system, CH₃F concentration of 5% was suggested to be optimal.     

Mercury species of sediment and fish in freshwater fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta, PR China: human health risk assessment

This study investigated total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in five species of freshwater fish and their associated fish pond sediments collected from 18 freshwater fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The concentrations of THg and MeHg in fish pond surface sediments were 33.1-386 ng g(-1) dry wt and 0.18-1.25 ng g(-1) dry wt, respectively. The age of ponds affected the surface sediment MeHg concentration. The vertical distribution of MeHg in sediment cores showed that MeHg concentrations decreased with increasing depth in the top 10 cm. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between %MeHg and DNA from Desulfovibrionacaea or Desulfobulbus (p<0.05) in sediment cores. Concentrations of THg and MeHg in fish muscles ranged from 7.43-76.7 to 5.93-76.1 ng g(-1) wet wt, respectively, with significant linear relationships (r=0.97, p<0.01, n=122) observed between THg and MeHg levels in fish. A significant correlation between THg concentrations in fish (herbivorous: r=0.71, p<0.05, n=7; carnivorous: r=0.77, p<0.05, n=11) and corresponding sediments was also obtained. Risk assessment indicated that the consumption of largemouth bass and mandarin fish would result in higher estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MeHg than reference dose (RfD) for both adults and children.     

Increased urinary 8-hydroxy-2��-deoxyguanosine levels in workers exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in a waste plastic recycling site in China

Background

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a common plasticizer used in industrial and diverse consumer products. Animal studies indicate DEHP caused developmental, reproductive, and hepatic toxicities. However, human studies of the potential effects of DEHP are limited.

Methods

The exposed site with a history of over 20 years of waste plastic recycling was located in Hunan Province, China. The reference site without known DEHP pollution source was about 50 km far away from the exposed site. In this study, 181 workers working in plastic waste recycling and 160 gender?Cage matched farmers were recruited. DEHP concentrations in water and cultivated soil samples, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), urinary 8-hydroxy-2??-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and micronuclei frequency in human capillary blood lymphocytes were analyzed.

Results

Mean levels of DEHP were greater in environment at the recycling site than at reference site (industry wastewater for the exposed: 42.43 ??g/l; well water: 14.20 vs. 0.79 ??g/l, pond water: 135.68 vs. 0.37 ??g/l, cultivated soil: 13.07 vs. 0.81 mg/kg, p?p?p?Conclusions The occupational DEHP exposure might contribute to oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage in the male workers.     

玉米秸秆添加比例对污泥堆肥中Cu和Zn形态的影响

采用BCR连续提取法研究了玉米秸秆添加比例对污泥堆肥中Cu和Zn形态的影响.结果表明:重金属不同形态分配比例的变化能够准确反映重金属形态之间的转化规律;堆肥处理重金属总量不会变化,只是不稳定形态之间相互转化,Cu和Zn被大幅"浓缩",玉米秸秆比例越大,"浓缩效应"越明显;玉米秸秆比例增加有助于酸溶态Cu向可氧化态转化,...     

新型五孔超滤膜处理城市污水的研究

新型五孔中空纤维膜与传统的城市污水处理系统集成处理城市污水.结果表明:COD、NH3-N和TP的平均去除率分别为95.66%、99.02%和81.08%,出水UV254＜0.2 cm,BOD5＜2 mg/L,平均浊度为0.10 NTU,未检测出粪大肠杆菌和SS;出水水质可达到回用水要求,可省略后续的深度处理工艺,彻底消...     

超重力旋转填料床中柠檬酸钠法烟气脱硫

采用柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲溶液作为吸收液,在超重力旋转填料床(简称填料床)中进行模拟烟气中SO2的吸收和解吸实验,考察了吸收液组成及各操作参数对SO2吸收率及解吸率的影响.实验结果表明:吸收过程中吸收液的柠檬酸浓度越高、吸收液初始pH 越高,SO2吸收率越高;填料床转速增大、液气比增大,SO2 吸收率下降速率增大;解吸过...     

陕西分区烈度衰减关系研究

在合理分区、收集整理陕西及邻近地区1900年以来5级以上地震资料的基础上,利用烈度衰减的椭圆模型,采用多元稳健线性回归方法,分区统计计算得到陕西陕南、关中和陕北地区的烈度衰减关系,并对结果进行了分析讨论。     

曝气量和曝气时长对好氧颗粒污泥活性恢复的影响

采用啤酒废水,在SBR中对在4℃的冰箱中储存8周的好氧颗粒污泥进行活性恢复。设置曝气时长分别为150 min和270 min,曝气量分别为0.1 m3/h和0.2 m3/h,考察了曝气时长和曝气量对好氧颗粒污泥活性恢复的影响。实验结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥在4℃冰箱中储存8周后,其颜色、粒径无明显变化;设置较长曝气时间(270 min)、较大曝气量(0.2 m3/h)时,颗粒污泥平均沉降速率、MLSS和SVI恢复最快,且对COD处理效果也恢复较快。而短曝气时间(150 min)、小曝气量(0.1 m3/h)有利于好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮去除效果的恢复。