生物滴滤塔处理苯乙烯气流的工效和生物膜微群落的分析

采用培养驯化污泥菌种、类球形陶粒和循环液等构建生物滴滤塔.研究评价气体苯乙烯浓度、气体流量、循环液喷淋量对生物滴滤塔工效的影响,并对生物膜微群落中的微种群作了定性定量检测.当进口气体苯乙烯小于1 000 mg/m3、气体流量为200 L/h、循环液流量为10 L/h时,苯乙烯净化效率达90%以上,生化去除量为30 mg/(L·h);单位体积生物膜填料对苯乙烯的最大生化去除量为35 mg/(L·h).湿润生物膜微群落的优势菌种群包括恶臭假单胞菌、梭形芽孢杆菌、罗非氏不动杆菌等5种,恶臭假单胞菌等非芽孢杆菌的最大活菌数为5.5×107 CFU/g,并随生物滴滤塔运行时间延长有减少趋势.     

重金属离子在腐植酸上吸附的研究

对4种代表性重金属离子在腐植酸上吸附、pH对竞争吸附的影响及其吸附机理进行了研究。结果表明，Cu2＋、Pb2＋、Zn2＋的吸附等温线为F型，而Cd2＋等温线为L型；2．5＜pH＜3．5时，竞争吸咐次序为Cu2＋＞Pb2＋＞Cd2＋＞Zn2＋；pH＞5．0时，Cd2＋＞Cu2＋＞Zn2＋＞Pb2＋；Cu2＋在腐植酸上的吸附主要是以与腐植酸形成配合物的方式相互结合。     

Dissolved organic matter with multi-peak fluorophores in landfill leachate

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) sampled from municipal landfill leachate of different ages with/without anoxic or aerobic treatment, was intensively fractionated via size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and hydrophobic resins, and was studied with fluorescence excitation and emission matrix (EEM). Six fluorophores with multiple EEM peaks (fluorophore A-F) were identified based on the collected EEM spectra and validated by bi-variate analysis, principal component analysis, and parallel factor analysis, as follows (excitation wavelength Ex and emission wavelength Em): (Ex 240, 310, 360 nm, Em 460 nm), (Ex 220, 280 nm, Em 340 nm), (Ex 220, 270 nm, Em 300 nm), (Ex 220, 280 nm, Em 360 nm), (Ex 230, 320 nm, Em 420 nm) and (Ex 220, 310 nm, Em 400 nm). The spectral characteristics of these fluorophores were discussed using fractional EEM and apparent molecular weight (AMW) data obtained via SEC analysis. The triple peak flurophore A was pointed at a hydrophobic acid or hydrophobic neutral compound with a pyrenyl functional group of AMW 2500-3500 Da, which displayed an excitation wavelength at 360 nm and a fluorescence intensity ratio of 6.70(+/-1.79):1.70(+/-0.41):1 (fluorescent intensities of Ex 240:Ex 310:Ex 360 nm at Ex 460 nm). This compound is observed to be refractory in landfilling or in anoxic/aerobic treatments, and is specific to this leachate contamination. This paper revealed that the coupling of SEC and EEM can be useful to track the fluorescent DOM fraction in landfill leachate.     

Comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in Beijing, China

Identifying the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is key to reducing ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Several receptor models have been developed to apportion sources, but an intercomparison of these models had not been performed for VOCs in China. In the present study, we compared VOC sources based on chemical mass balance (CMB), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models. Gasoline-related sources, petrochemical production, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were identified by all three models as the major contributors, with UNMIX and PMF producing quite similar results. The contributions of gasoline-related sources and LPG estimated by the CMB model were higher, and petrochemical emissions were lower than in the UNMIX and PMF results, possibly because the VOC profiles used in the CMB model were for fresh emissions and the profiles extracted from ambient measurements by the two-factor analysis models were "aged".     

磁化学技术在水处理中的应用

对近年来磁化学技术在水处理中的应用做了比较全面的综述。介绍了磁化学技术的发展、磁分离技术的原理和分类及磁种强化处理废水 ,并对磁化学技术的应用领域进行了详细讨论。     

青海湖地区草地蝗虫发生的气候背景

气候条件对环青海湖地区草地蝗虫的发生程度有重要影响。上一年的下半年气温偏低和当年高温干旱 ,是蝗虫发生的有利气候条件 ;上一年的 8月份、当年 5月下旬到 7月上旬以及当年 8月份的气候条件与蝗虫发生程度密切相关。     

城市垃圾厌氧干发酵非甲烷菌群分布变化研究

为研究非甲烷菌的菌群分布随时间、空间变化对厌氧干发酵的影响,以城市垃圾为原料进行分析,同时测定pH值。结果表明,启动阶段好氧及兼性厌氧细菌属优势菌,其中产酸菌增殖速率高于氨化细菌,7 d达最大值2.95×109MPN/mL,是启动阶段降解有机质的主要菌群,而氨化菌在15 d达最大值1.93×108MPN/mL。随后厌氧细菌快速增殖并保持稳定,且仍是产酸菌占优势,15 d达最大值1.55×1010MPN/mL。厌氧纤维素降解菌增殖较慢,发酵30 d不足105MPN/mL,说明原料中纤维素降解在厌氧发酵后期。空间方面,好氧及兼性厌氧产酸菌在顶部中心最活跃,最大值是底部中心的1.4倍;厌氧产酸菌集中在底部,最大值是顶部的1.2倍。好氧氨化菌在中部中心增殖最多,厌氧氨化菌在中部边缘达最大值1.95×108MPN/mL。纤维素降解菌在底部开始增殖。研究为提高干发酵反应效率和合理设计干发酵反应器提供有效参考数据。     

Sand-dust Storm, Population and Environment in Northwest China

Sand-dust storms are the result of the integrated influences of climate, geography, society and human factors. A theoretical framework is built to explain the coherence of population growth, agriculture change and environmental degradation. On the basis of the analysis of the causes of the sand-dust storm in terms of human factors, a discussion will be given to show that these factors are internally consistent with the theoretical framework. After that, it will look at China's Agenda 21 and try to find relevant measures to reduce such large sand-dust storms happening in Northwest China and eventually make this area develop sustainably.     

周期循环静止沉淀工艺实验研究与实践

为了提高给水处理中常规沉淀池的沉淀效率，采用多个沉淀池代替常规的单一沉淀池进行沉降实验，多池依次进水、依次静止沉淀，然后出水，周期循环，并在实验的基础上提出了“周期循环静止沉淀”这种给水处理新工艺。实验结果和实践表明，周期循环静止沉淀工艺与常规连续进、出水的单一沉淀池工艺相比，其沉淀效率明显提高，其出水水质显著改善。     

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)during summer in Beijing,2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.