新疆生态环境监测指标体系与评价方法探讨

针对新疆荒漠生态 环境的独特 环境特征，以准确、快捷、客观反映荒漠生态环境质量为目的，建立了区域性荒 漠生态环境监测指标体系和评价方法，充分发挥生态监测网络站和各行业监测站的作用，做到信息共享，通过在新疆生态环境监测和质量评价中进行实践，证明所建指标 体系 和评价方法 具有一定的科学性和实用价值。     

化学需氧量与高锰酸盐指数的关系

本文以内蒙古地区河流断面的水质监测数据为依据,对水体中化学需氧量和高锰酸盐指数之间的相关关系进行线性回归,建立回归方程,并作相应分析。     

Kinetic and products study of the gas-phase reaction of Lewisite with ozone under atmospheric conditions

The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of O_3 and Lewisite was studied in air using the smog chamber technique. The experiments were carried out under pseudo-first-order reaction conditions with [O_3] [Lewisite]. The observed rate constant of O_3 with Lewisite was(7.83 ± 0.38) × 10~(-19)cm~3/(molecule·sec) at 298 ± 2 K. Lewisite was discussed in terms of reactivity with O_3 and its relationship with the ionization potential. Our results show that the rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of O_3 with Lewisite is in line with the trend of the rate constants of O_3 with haloalkenes.     

Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking water treatment residuals

Phosphate is one of the most predominant pollutants in natural waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphate adsorption performance of a(NFS) made from drinking water treatment residuals. The adsorption of phosphate on the NFS fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models. At p H 7.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.03 mg/g was achieved at 15°C corresponding to the wastewater temperature in cold months, and increased notably to 1.31 mg/g at 35°C.Under both acidic conditions(part of the adsorption sites was consumed) and basic conditions(negative charges formed on the surface of NFS, which led to a static repulsion of PO43-and HPO42-), the adsorption of phosphate was slightly inhibited. Further study showed that part of the adsorption sites could be recovered by 0.25 mol/L Na OH. The activation energy was calculated to be above 8.0 k J/mol, indicating that the adsorption of phosphate on NFS was probably a chemical process. Considering the strong phosphate adsorption capacity and recoverability, NFS showed great promise on enhancing phosphate removal from the secondary treated wastewater in the filtration process.     

The operation of cost-effective on-site process for the bio-treatment of mixed municipal solid waste in rural areas

The application of on-site waste treatment significantly reduces the need for expensive waste collection and transportation in rural areas; hence, it is considered of fundamental importance in developing countries. In this study, the effects of in-field operation of two types of mini-scale on-site solid waste treatment facilities on de-centralized communities, one using mesophilic two-phase anaerobic digestion combined with composting (TPAD, 50 kg/d) and another using decentralized composting (DC, 0.6–2 t/d), were investigated. Source-separated collection was applied to provide organic waste for combined process, in which the amount of waste showed significant seasonal variation. The highest collection amount was 0.18 kg/capital day and 0.6 kg/household day. Both sites showed good performance after operating for more than 6 months, with peak waste reduction rates of 53.5% in TPAD process and 63.2% in DC process. Additionally, the windrow temperature exceeded 55 °C for >5 days, indicating that the composting products from both facilities were safe. These results were supported by 4 days aerobic static respiration rate tests. The emissions were low enough to avoid any impact on nearby communities (distance <100 m). Partial energy could be recovered by the combined process but with complicated operation. Hence, the choice of process must be considered in case separately.     

Ni-Si交联改性膨润土的制备与应用研究

以钠基膨润土为原料,制备了镍硅交联改性膨润土,并应用于模拟废水、实验室废水,探讨了镍硅交联改性膨润土对废水中COD、Cr6+、色度、浊度的去除率的影响因素,分别对镍硅交联改性膨润土的镍硅比、废水处理的pH、改性膨润土的投加量、搅拌时间等条件进行了选择。结果令人满意。     

Microbial response to repeated treatments of manure containing sulfadiazine and chlortetracycline in soil

Substantive addition of antibiotic-contaminated manure to agricultural soil may lead to “persistent” residues of antibiotics and may affect soil health. Therefore, this study examines the effects of repeated manure treatments containing sulfadiazine (SDZ) and chlortetracycline (CTC) residues, both individually and combined, on the functional diversity and structure of soil microbial communities in the soils under laboratory conditions. The average well color development (AWCD), Simpson diversity index (1/D, dominant populations), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′, richness), and McIntosh diversity index (U, evenness) in the antibiotics-treated soils decreased in the first 60-day treatment and then gradually recovered or even exceeded the initial level in the unamended soils with increasing treatment frequency. A total of 11 specific bands in temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) profiles were observed and sequence analyzed for five repeated treatments, and most of them belonged to the phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. These results indicate that repeated treatments of manure containing SDZ and CTC residues can alter soil microbial community structure, although they have a temporary suppression effect on soil microbial functional diversity.     

Sand-dust Storm,Population and Environment in Northwest China

Abstract

Sand-dust storms are the result of the integrated influences of climate, geography, society and human factors. A theoretical framework is built to explain the coherence of population growth, agriculture change and environmental degradation. On the basis of the analysis of the causes of the sand-dust storm in terms of human factors, a discussion will be given to show that these factors are internally consistent with the theoretical framework. After that, it will look at China's Agenda 21 and try to find relevant measures to reduce such large sand-dust storms happening in Northwest China and eventually make this area develop sustainably.     

An Application of Remote Sensing Data in Mapping Landscape-Level Forest Biomass for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Forest Policies in Northeastern China

Monitoring the dynamics of forest biomass at various spatial scales is important for better understanding the terrestrial carbon cycle as well as improving the effectiveness of forest policies and forest management activities. In this article, field data and Landsat image data acquired in 1999 and 2007 were utilized to quantify spatiotemporal changes of forest biomass for Dongsheng Forestry Farm in Changbai Mountain region of northeastern China. We found that Landsat TM band 4 and Difference Vegetation Index with a 3 × 3 window size were the best predictors associated with forest biomass estimations in the study area. The inverse regression model with Landsat TM band 4 predictor was found to be the best model. The total forest biomass in the study area decreased slightly from 2.77 × 10⁶ Mg in 1999 to 2.73 × 10⁶ Mg in 2007, which agreed closely with field-based model estimates. The area of forested land increased from 17.9 × 10³ ha in 1999 to 18.1 × 10³ ha in 2007. The stabilization of forest biomass and the slight increase of forested land occurred in the period following implementations of national forest policies in China in 1999. The pattern of changes in both forest biomass and biomass density was altered due to different management regimes adopted in light of those policies. This study reveals the usefulness of the remote sensing-based approach for detecting and monitoring quantitative changes in forest biomass at a landscape scale.     

含油污泥物化法处理研究进展

含油污泥是石油开采及加工过程中产生的含油量高、脱水难、水溶性小的固体废物。文章主要介绍了国内物化技术处理含油污泥研究的现状及进展,包括洗脱、萃取、调质分离、热洗、调剖等。对这些方法进行了评价和比较,并对今后的研究方向提出建议,需要在微波、超声波和调剖剂上作进一步研究。