纳滤技术在饮用水处理中的研究进展与应用

纳滤技术作为一种新型的膜分离技术,近年来成为水处理研究的热点.论文介绍了纳滤膜的特点及分离机理,详细阐述了纳滤膜技术在饮用水净化过程中的技术特点,如降低饮用水的硬度,去除饮用水中的重金属物质、有机污染物、藻类、细菌病毒等成分.同时探讨了纳滤的膜污染问题以及引起膜污染的因素.列举了比利时、日本、美国以及中国山东长岛等地纳滤膜技术的工程实例,说明了纳滤膜技术在饮用水处理中应用的处理效果.     

国家半导体行业VOC排放标准制订研究

随着近年来我国半导体产业的持续繁荣发展,中国已成为全球半导体制造增长最为迅速的市场。为有效控制监管半导体生产过程中大量使用的各种有机溶剂所产生的废气中可挥发性有机物(VOC)的排放,加强行业污染控制,规范行业环境保护管理工作,对制订半导体行业VOC排放标准进行了研究。概述了半导体行业VOC排放的特点。分析了该行业对VOC排放的治理技术。阐述了美国和中国台湾地区有关半导体行业VOC废气的排放标准。从国内半导体企业VOC治理现状、现有监测技术、VOC排放管理方式等方面探讨了我国半导体行业VOC废气排放标准的制定思路。     

数值仿真在钱塘江引水入城工程水质预测中的应用

使用二维浅水波方程及传质模型,对工程前期排人钱塘江的废水中污染物的传播及分布进行预测,其预测结果可为工程排污口附近钱塘江水质保护对策制定提供依据。     

Effects of feed solutions on refuse hydrolysis and landfill leachate characteristics

Tap water, aerobically pre-treated leachate, and anaerobically pre-treated leachate, were each fed into the top of a series of three simulated landfills columns, filled with municipal solid waste collected in Shanghai, China. Changes in leachate, including pH, total organic carbon (TOC), and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the produced biogas were monitored over time. The tap-water-fed columns had a low hydrolysis rate that yielded an acidic environment (pH 4.8-5.4) in the leachate that inhibited methanogenesis reaction in the refuse. When aerobically pre-treated leachate was fed into the columns, the hydrolysis rate of total organic carbon fluctuated between 200 and 400 mg d-1 and methanogenesis in the refuse column was only partly activated. The hydrolysis rate of refuse fed with anaerobically pre-treated leachate was the highest among the three solutions. The high alkaline levels of the anaerobically pre-treated leachate and its methanogenic bacteria led to an early activation of methanogenesis in the refuse columns. The VFAs contributed approximately 40-60% of TOC in tap-water-fed columns, 60-80% of TOC in the columns fed aerobically pre-treated leachate, and up to 70-90% of TOC in columns fed with anaerobically pre-treated leachate. The feed solution had considerably affected leachate characteristics, and then the build-up of the methanogenesis in the refuse column and the composition of fermentation products in the leachate. The success of a bioreactor landfill depends on whether the recycled leachate could yield a favorable methanogenic environment in the top refuse layer, or whether an appropriate pre-treatment is adopted to modify the leachate characteristics.     

改性火山岩滤料去除矿井水中铁锰离子影响因素研究

以改性火山岩滤料作为除铁除锰的滤料,通过对模拟矿井水的过滤试验,研究了滤速、pH值、滤层厚度及铁锰离子浓度对其除铁除锰效率的影响。结果表明：改性火山岩滤料能实现模拟矿井水中Mn²⁺的100%去除,效果明显优于未改性火山岩;最为合理的过滤滤速为7～8 m/h;除铁除锰的过程主要发生在滤层厚度为90 cm的上部滤层中;随着铁锰浓度的升高,改性火山岩滤料除铁的效率变化很小,除锰效率呈快速、线性降低;中性或偏碱性的环境有利于改性火山岩滤料充分发挥高效吸附去除能力。     

城市受污染疏浚底泥特性与作绿地用土的可行性分析

受污染河道疏浚底泥消纳是上海市环境治理中面临的问题之一。中、轻度污染的疏浚底泥用作绿地用土是具有资源化价值的底泥消纳适用途径,为分析此途径的可行性。选择上海市典型中度污染河道底泥作了植物生长相关理化性质和重金属污染特性(总量、浸出液浓度、分级提取比例分布)分析,并据此讨论了此类(中、轻度污染)疏浚底泥的绿地利用可行性,分析结果表明,中度污染河道疏浚底泥的植物相关特性为：速效植物养分含量高,但阳离子交换容量低;总溶解盐含量高,但苏打盐和氯化钠含量低：重金属总量和浸出液重金属浓度低于国家农用污泥污染物控制标准和危险废物鉴别标准——浸出毒性鉴别限值,但Pb和Cd的可交换态比例较高(24％和62％)。底泥综合理化性质的分析结果：中度以下污染程度的上海市河道疏浚污泥具有作绿地用土必须的植物相容性,可用作绿地用土：但底泥的保肥能力较差,作绿地用土初期宜种植速生、需肥量大的植物,以控制植物养分流失;对于重金属、尤其是可交换态比例高的重金属溶出造成的环境影响,宜采用底泥施用量控制等手段对其不利影响进行防治。     

Application of Fe(VI) in abating contaminants in water: State of art and knowledge gaps

• The properties of Fe(VI) were summarized. • Both the superiorities and the limitations of Fe(VI) technologies were discussed. • Methods to improve contaminants oxidation/disinfection by Fe(VI) were introduced. • Future research needs for the development of Fe(VI) technologies were proposed. The past two decades have witnessed the rapid development and wide application of Fe(VI) in the field of water de-contamination because of its environmentally benign character. Fe(VI) has been mainly applied as a highly efficient oxidant/disinfectant for the selective elimination of contaminants. The in situ generated iron(III) (hydr)oxides with the function of adsorption/coagulation can further increase the removal of contaminants by Fe(VI) in some cases. Because of the limitations of Fe(VI) per se, various modified methods have been developed to improve the performance of Fe(VI) oxidation technology. Based on the published literature, this paper summarized the current views on the intrinsic properties of Fe(VI) with the emphasis on the self-decay mechanism of Fe(VI). The applications of Fe(VI) as a sole oxidant for decomposing organic contaminants rich in electron-donating moieties, as a bi-functional reagent (both oxidant and coagulant) for eliminating some special contaminants, and as a disinfectant for inactivating microorganisms were systematically summarized. Moreover, the difficulties in synthesizing and preserving Fe(VI), which limits the large-scale application of Fe(VI), and the potential formation of toxic byproducts during Fe(VI) application were presented. This paper also systematically reviewed the important nodes in developing methods to improve the performance of Fe(VI) as oxidant or disinfectant in the past two decades, and proposed the future research needs for the development of Fe(VI) technologies.     

Does the environmental inequality matter? A literature review

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The environmental inequality theory reveals that the risk of environmental pollution exposure varies among regions and groups and that particular groups face...     

加油站罐区防泄漏的控制

实现本质安全是政府和企业管理者不懈追求的目标,困扰实现本质安全的4个方面是:人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态、管理上的缺陷、有害作业环境.其中物的不安全状态和人的不安全行为是事故多发的主要元素,两者相互联系又互为因果.人的不安全行为、管理上的缺陷、有害作业环境可以通过技能培训、安全教育、制度的完善、加强管理、合理规划等行政手段来提高或改善.而物的不安全状态则受自然环境、技术、资金投入的限制,要实现本质安全必须使"物的状态"要有一个根本的改变.     

Transformation of carbon tetrachloride by bisulfide treated goethite, hematite, magnetite, and kaolinite

This study investigated the transformation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by goethite, hematite, magnetite, and kaolinite treated with bisulfide to form coatings of iron monosulfide (FeS) and other Fe(II) species. These coatings contribute to abiotic natural attenuation in anaerobic environments. Batch kinetic experiments were performed under anoxic conditions at pH 8.0. Surface-area-normalized pseudo-first-order rate constants for CT transformation did not differ significantly for the three HS- treated iron oxides, but the rate of CT transformation by bisulfide-treated kaolinite was significantly lower, most likely due to kaolinite's lower iron content. The yield of chloroform (CF) from CT transformation was typically approximately 1%. There was negligible or only slight adsorption of several natural organic matter (NOM) model compounds to the surface of HS- treated goethite, and these compounds had no influence on CT transformation rate constants or CF yields. Juglone, on the other hand, adsorbed to a greater extent, and also significantly influenced the CF yield, increasing it by a factor of approximately 20 for HS- treated hematite. We speculate that juglone or its HS- addition product adsorbed to the mineral surface and acted as a hydrogen atom donor that reacted with the trichloromethyl radical intermediate, increasing the CF yield.