黄土高原沟壑区森林和草地小流域水文行为的比较研究

分析了黄土高原沟壑区森林小流域和自然草地小流域的水文效应,并利用实测资料和模型计算结果比较了两流域的水循环特点,结果发现在郁闭度相同的情况下,森林小流域较自然草地小流域有较小的径流量、较大的蒸散量和较低的３ｍ土层平均含水量,也就是说森林的覆盖增强了水分小循环,削弱了水文大循环,并导致土壤含水量降低。同时也发现森林的上述水文效应仅当其郁闭度达到一定程度时才能表现出来。通过比较两类生态系统植物生长的土壤水分环境条件和水分利用率,认为黄土高原沟壑区在大力发展林业时应以沟谷为主     

活性污泥膨胀的生态控制研究

研究了一种后生动物-颤蚓对丝状细茵引起的活性污泥膨胀的控制效果.结果表明,在活性污泥反应器中投加颤蚓,通过其捕食作用,活性污泥中丝状细茵数量能在较短时间内得到明显地削减,其分类等级能下'降约1～2个级别,同时活性污泥指数SVI从291.5 ml/g下降为176.6 ml/g,下降迭39.4%,活性污泥的性状和絮体结构得到改善,污泥膨胀得到有效控制.     

广州市氮氧化物控制的费用效果分析初探

近年来，广州市氮氧化物（ＮＯｘ） 污染日益加重，主要原因是机动车保有量的快速增加和城市交通改善的严重滞后。控制机动车排放造成的污染已成为亟待解决的问题。费用效果分析是进行控制方案选择的重要依据。笔者对广州市ＮＯｘ 控制的不同方案进行了初步的费用效果分析。结果表明，在用车改造加装真空延时阀对ＮＯｘ 的削减费效性最好，其次是在用车Ｉ／ Ｍ 计划的费效性较好，而采用严格新标准的削减潜力最大     

共和盆地发展生态农业的必要性和可能性的初步研究

共和盆地地处半干旱地区,生态条件脆弱,天然生物资源有限。由于社会、人口和经济方面的原因,使封育保护和轻度利用等防治土地沙漠化的措施难以实施。为充分发掘土地资源潜力,解决开发利用和环境保护的矛盾,木文提出了发展生态农业的必要性。在调查了自然条件和预测了环境变化趋势之后,借鉴当地现行农业生产的成功经验,阐述了发展生态农业的可能性。     

氨法烟气脱硫技术的工艺研究

采用亚硫酸铵作为吸收剂,对模拟烟气进行氨法烟气脱硫实验。考察了进口烟气温度、吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度、液气比对脱硫效率的影响,并对亚硫酸铵的氧化问题进行了研究。实验结果表明：进口烟气温度与脱硫效率成反比关系;吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度与脱硫效率成正比关系;吸收液pH值大于6.3、浓度大于1%时,氨逃逸随着二者的增大而增多...     

A comparison study of the start-up of a MnOx filter for catalytic oxidative removal of ammonium from groundwater and surface water

As an efficient method for ammonium (NH4+) removal, contact catalytic oxidation technology has drawn much attention recently, due to its good low temperature resistance and short start-up period. Two identical filters were employed to compare the process for ammonium removal during the start-up period for ammonium removal in groundwater (Filter-N) and surface water (Filter-S) treatment. Two types of source water (groundwater and surface water) were used as the feed waters for the filtration trials. Although the same initiating method was used, Filter-N exhibited much better ammonium removal performance than Filter-S. The differences in catalytic activity among these two filters were probed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and compositional analysis. XRD results indicated that different manganese oxide species were formed in Filter-N and Filter-S. Furthermore, the Mn3p XPS spectra taken on the surface of the filter films revealed that the average manganese valence of the inactive manganese oxide film collected from Filter-S (FS-MnOx) was higher than in the film collected from Filter-N (FN-MnOx). Mn(IV) was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FS-MnOx and Mn(III) was identified as the predominant oxidation state in FN-MnOx. The results of compositional analyses suggested that polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) used during the surface water treatment was an important factor in the mineralogy and reactivity of MnOx. This study provides the theoretical basis for promoting the wide application of the technology and has great practical significance.     

纳米杀藻布杀藻效果研究

针对应急性杀藻需求,采用纳米材料研制了纳米杀藻布并对其进行了实验室和小型现场杀藻试验.结果显示,当纳米布面积为0.08cm²·mL^-1藻液时,光照3 000 lx下处理24h,藻悬浮液中微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、鱼腥藻(Anabaena 7120)、裸藻(Euglena gracilis)、衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)的细胞密度分别下降了77%、69.1%、89.1%和56.9%,硅藻舟型藻(Navicula incerta)的叶绿素下降了18.7%.在无锡五里湖水华发生现场小试结果显示处理1d可使水体Chla的水平下降76%.鱼类急性毒理测试显示该材料无毒性.     

都市大气环境中可吸入颗粒物的研究

本文简述了国内外有关大气颗粒物中的ＰＭ１０和ＰＭ２．５研究现状，主要围绕这些可吸入颗粒物的物理化学性质、流行病学和毒理学特征、源解析及其对能见度的影响等方面进行了论述。     

Release of volatile organic compounds during bio-drying of municipal solid waste

Three treatments were tested to investigate the release concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the bio-drying of municipal solid waste (MSW) by the aerobic and combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes. Results showed that VOCs were largely released in the first 4 days of bio-drying and the dominant components were: dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, benzene, 2-butanone, limonene and methylene chloride. Thus, the combined hydrolytic-aerobic process was suggested for MSW bio-drying due to fewer aeration quantities in this phase when compared with the aerobic process, and the treatment strategies should base on the key properties of these prominent components. Malodorous sulfur compounds and terpenes were mainly released in the early phase of bio-drying, whereas, two peaks of release concentrations appeared for aromatics and ketones during bio-drying. Notably, for the combined hydrolytic-aerobic processes there were also high concentrations of released aromatics in the shift from hydrolytic to aerobic stages. High concentrations of released chlorinateds were observed in the later phase. For the VOCs produced during MSW bio-drying, i.e., malodorous sulfur compounds, terpenes and chlorinateds, their release concentrations were mainly determined by production rates; for the VOCs presented initially in MSW, such as aromatics, their transfer and transport in MSW mainly determined the release concentrations.     

Mercury in alpine fish from four rivers in the Tibetan Plateau

As a global pollutant, high levels of mercury (Hg) have been found in remote ecosystem due to the long range atmospheric transport. In this study, a total of 60 fish samples were collected from four rivers across the Tibetan Plateau to study the accumulation of Hg in remote and high-altitude aquatic environment. The total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in fish muscles ranged from 11 to 2097 ng/g dry weight (dw) (average: 819 ng/g dw) and from 14 to 1960 ng/g dw (average: 756 ng/g dw), respectively. Significantly positive linear relationships were observed between the THg (r = 0.591, p < 0.01, n = 36) and MeHg concentrations (r = 0.473, p < 0.01, n = 36) with the trophic level of fish from Lhasa River, suggesting trophic transfer and biomagnification of Hg in this aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, the THg levels in fish had significantly positive correlations with the length (r = 0.316, p < 0.05, n = 60) and weight (r = 0.271, p < 0.05, n = 60) of fish. The high levels of Hg were attributed to the slow growth and long lifespan of the fish under this sterile and cold environment. Risk assessment revealed that the consumption of Oxygymnocypris stewartii, Schizothorax macropogon, Schizothorax waltoni, Schizopygopsis younghusbandi and Schizothorax o'connori would lead to a high exposure to MeHg.