蓟运河汞污染化学地理特征

通过对蓟运河汞污染化学地理研究,查清了河水沉积物中汞和甲基汞的含量范围,水平和垂直变化,以及空间分布;研究了汞存在的形态;揭示了汞在河流中的富集区;作出了河流汞污染状况的分区,初步提出了治理河道汞污染的途径。     

An autotrophic nitrogen removal process：Short-cut nitrification combined with ANAMMOX for treating diluted effluent from an UASB reactor fed by landfill leachate

A combined process consisting of a short-cut nitrification (SN) reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation upflow anaerobic sludge bed (ANAMMOX) reactor was developed to treat the diluted effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating high ammonium municipal landfill leachate.The SN process was performed in an aerated upflow sludge bed (AUSB) reactor (working volume 3.05 L),treating about 50% of the diluted raw wastewater.The ammonium removal efficiency and the ratio of NO 2 N to NOx-N in the effluent were both higher than 80%,at a maximum nitrogen loading rate of 1.47 kg/(m 3 ·day).The ANAMMOX process was performed in an UASB reactor (working volume 8.5 L),using the mix of SN reactor effluent and diluted raw wastewater at a ratio of 1:1.The ammonium and nitrite removal efficiency reached over 93% and 95%,respectively,after 70-day continuous operation,at a maximum total nitrogen loading rate of 0.91 kg/(m 3 ·day),suggesting a successful operation of the combined process.The average nitrogen loading rate of the combined system was 0.56 kg/(m 3 ·day),with an average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency 87%.The nitrogen in the effluent was mostly nitrate.The results provided important evidence for the possibility of applying SN-ANAMMOX after UASB reactor to treat municipal landfill leachate.     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.     

畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属在水稻土中生物有效性动态变化

通过土壤淹水培养试验和土壤淹水培养不同时间后同时开始的水稻生物盆栽试验,研究不同畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb在水稻土中生物有效性动态变化以及与等量重金属无机盐的差异,明确不同畜禽粪便有机肥中不同重金属生物有效性差异及动态变化规律.结果表明,水稻土施入畜禽粪便有机肥后30~60 d内,畜禽粪便有机肥处理土壤溶液中重金属含量显著低于等量重金属无机盐处理,重金属无机盐处理土壤溶液中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量分别是鸡粪处理的2.4倍、3.1倍、3.9倍和327.3倍,分别是猪粪处理的2.0倍、2.2倍、15.6倍和4.0倍.60d后畜禽粪便有机肥处理和对应等量重金属无机盐处理土壤溶液中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量变的无差异.不同施用时间的畜禽粪粪便有机肥处理水稻体内Cu、Zn、Pb含量均显著低于对应的等量重金属无机盐处理,施用畜禽粪肥处理降低了土壤中Cu的生物有效性.畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属的生物有效性随施用后不同时间的变化呈现先升高后降低再升高规律,在施用后2个月时畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属的生物有效性最低,只相当于对应的等量重金属无机盐的13.0%~30.0%.     

高温高含二氧化碳条件下五种含Cr钢适用性评价

目的 预测某高温高含二氧化碳油井中管柱的腐蚀情况,为该油井推荐安全经济的材质。方法 采用高温高压反应釜模拟现场工况进行腐蚀试验,通过失重法、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱分析(EDS)对五种含Cr钢的适用性进行评价。结果 在40~160 ℃温度范围内,五种钢材随温度的升高,其均匀腐蚀速率先升高后降低,且均在80 ℃时达到最大值。3Cr钢的腐蚀速率最高,在整个温度范围内,均远高于0.076 mm/a。在温度为120 ℃时,9Cr钢开始出现局部腐蚀。在温度为160 ℃时,13Cr钢有一定的局部腐蚀倾向。S13Cr、22Cr钢在整个温度范围内的腐蚀速率都较低,试验后试样表面平整连续,耐蚀性能好。结论 建议在采出井井筒中上部40~80 ℃较低温度井段选用9Cr钢,中部80~120 ℃中高温井段选用13Cr钢,底部120~160 ℃高温井段选用S13Cr钢。     

低温等离子体协同处理Hg~0、NO_x、SO_2的机理研究

低温等离子污染物处理技术具有工艺简单、可协同控制多种污染物、占地面积小等特点,是目前在污染物控制技术领域的研究热点。主要介绍气体放电产生低温等离子体去除污染物过程中存在的O2、CO2气体对污染物去除效率的影响、NO x和SO2对Hg去除效率的影响和加入H2O、NH3、HCl对污染物去除效率的影响研究。     

关于《建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录》修订的思考与建议

建设项目环境影响评价分类管理制度明确了环评工作的内容和深度,但随着我国社会经济的发展,现有的分类管理名录暴露出一些不足之处,本文从行业细分调整、环境敏感区界定、公众参与范围确定、简化要求制定等方面对环境影响评价的分类管理制度进行探讨,并提出相关建议,以供决策者参考。     

克螨特和霸螨灵及其混剂对土壤微生物的影响及安全评价

通过模拟试验研究了杀螨剂克螨特、霸螨灵及其混剂速霸螨(霸螨灵:克螨特=1:3)对土壤呼吸作用的影响.结果表明,克螨特、霸螨灵及其混剂对土壤的呼吸作用均有一定的影响,表现为各浓度处理对土壤呼吸作用均具有抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制越明显.统计分析表明霸螨灵、克螨特及其混剂各浓度处理对土壤微生物的活动没有明显的影响.采用危害系数法来评价克螨特、霸螨灵及其混剂速霸螨的危害程度,各处理浓度的霸螨灵、霸螨灵及其混剂速霸螨的危害系数均不超过20,亦表明霸螨灵、霸螨灵及其混剂速霸螨对土壤微生物均属于低毒级或无实际危害级的农药.     

西宁及邻区地震活动特征研究

对西宁及邻区1900年以来M≥5.0、1970年至今ML≥3.0地震进行了分析,得到了该区5级以上中强地震的活动规律,认为研究区近2～3年内地震活动处于相对平静期,具备发生M5～6级中强地震的条件,发生6级以上地震的可能性不大.     

Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta

In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids(PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids(PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids(PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters(di PAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs(≥ 11 carbons) and PFSAs(≥ 10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order:Yangtze river(191 ng/L) ≈ Taihu lake(189 ng/L) Huangpu river(122 ng/L) ≈ Qiantang river(120 ng/L) Jiaxing urban river(100 ng/L). Strong significant(p 0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.