Diel and seasonal methane flux across water–air interface of a subtropic eutrophic pond

Abstract

Methane, which is an important greenhouse gas, has received less attention regarding its flux in ponds. Small ponds, whose area only occupies approximately 8.6%, comprise the bulk of CH₄ efflux from lakes and ponds on a global scale. However, temporal and spatial variability, as well as consequences of CH4 fluxes from ponds, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine using 4 field experiments diel methane (CH₄) fluxes from a subtropic eutrophic pond in different seasons. For the eutrophic pond, the mean CH₄ efflux for all seasons was 1.772?mg/m²/h, and CH₄ emissions in summer were approximately three-fold higher than total of winter, spring, and autumn. Methane diffusive emissions were positively correlated with water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and air temperature but negatively related to pH and to the difference between water temperature and air temperature. The diel diffusive CH₄ flux among different seasons varied significantly. The CH₄ bubble flux did not differ markedly in winter, spring and autumn, but the quantity in summer was significantly different from all other seasons. Bubble is the main pathway for CH₄ emissions. The CH₄ ebullition flux accounts for 66, 71, 97 and 98% of the total in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. On an annual scale, the CH₄ ebullition flux accounts for 77% of the total fluxes (diffusive?+?ebullitive). Our results show that further investigations need to be carried out to probe temporal variability of CH₄ fluxes in ponds located in different climate zones for better understanding of the global carbon budget, which is critical to predict future climate changes.     

不同浓度的五氯酚对斑马鱼运动行为的影响

由于突发性水源污染频发,建立一种实时的风险监测评估系统十分迫切。本研究通过在线生物监测仪实时记录斑马鱼在五氯酚(PCP)中暴露前后的3D行为响应数据,分别从运动轨迹、游动速度(中值)、浮出水面频率及熵值4个指标分析斑马鱼的行为响应。结果表明：与对照组相比,暴露于低浓度(0.25、0.5 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,其游动速度(中值)和熵值呈递减趋势,但趋势不明显,其浮出水面频率有不同程度的增加;而暴露于较高浓度(1.0、2.0 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,其游动速度(中值)、浮出水面频率、熵值约有10 min的急速升高之后降低;暴露于高浓度(4.0 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,所有指标均呈明显下降趋势。这表明斑马鱼的毒性行为响应随PCP的浓度变化而变化,所以可以通过监测鱼类的行为变化来反映水体的污染状况。因此,鱼类行为学研究在高浓度突发性水源污染的实时监测方面具有一定的应用前景。     

苯并[a]芘对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响

苯并芘(B[a]P)已广泛分布于海洋环境中,低等海洋无脊椎动物从受精卵开始整个生长发育过程都面临着B[a]P等多环芳烃类污染物(PAHs)的威胁。本实验以热带海洋优势贝类马氏珠母贝(Pinctada maetensii)作为材料,研究B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响。将幼虫暴露于不同浓度(1、2、4、10和15μg·L-1)B[a]P中,在暴露后第12、24、36、48、72、84小时,分别测定其D型面盘幼虫的死亡率和畸形数。结果表明:B[a]P对D型面盘幼虫死亡率的影响明显,死亡率与时间呈正相关,其中4和10μg·L-1浓度组的响应最敏感。在1～10μg·L-1浓度范围内,死亡率与浓度呈正相关;B[a]P暴露对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的形态也有显著影响,且随着浓度的增大产生畸形个体的时间越短。另外,B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的半数致死浓度(LC50)随着时间的推移逐渐降低后趋于稳定,48h时LC50趋于稳定,为21.56μg·L-1。研究表明,B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D形幼虫的发育具有不利影响,并可能影响其种群结构。     

多环芳烃活性参数与色谱保留指数相关性分析

为了简化多环芳烃(PAHs)的Koc、Kow和BCF等活性参数的测定和预测工作,通过对PAHs的活性参数与气相色谱保留指数(I)、苯环个数(N)的相关关系分析,分别建立了I与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF,N与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF间的2类一元线性回归预测方程,以及I、N与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF间的二元线性回归预测方程。结果表明,PAHs类化合物的I值或N值分别与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF存在明显的线性相关性,均能对上述3种活性参数进行准确预测,其中,用I值建立的一元回归方程的预测精度更好;而利用I值和N值共同建立的二元预测方程经t检验发现,方程中变量N的偏回归系数的统计检验没有显著意义。本研究利用I值建立的一元线性预测模型能较好地预测PAHs类化合物的Koc、Kow和BCF等活性参数,从而为PAHs的活性参数预测提供了一种简便易行的方法。     

铀胁迫对两种蓝藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了不同浓度铀(0.1、1.0、10.0和30.0mg·L-1)胁迫对满江红鱼腥藻(Anabaena azollae)和爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonemaj avanicum)生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,低浓度铀(0.1和1.0mg·L-1)条件下,两种蓝藻的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量均无明显变化;叶绿素a含量和可溶性蛋白质含量均较对照上升,表明低浓度铀对A.azollae和S.javanicum均未形成明显胁迫,对生长表现为刺激和促进作用。10.0mg·L-1浓度的铀对A. azollae的生长影响不大,对S. javanicum却产生了明显的抑制作用。30.0mg·L-1铀胁迫下,两种蓝藻中的MDA显著增加,抗氧化酶系统受到破坏,生长严重受阻。实验结果显示,A. azollae和S. javanicum的耐铀极限分别在10.0～30.0mg·L-1和1.0～10.0mg·L-1之间,A. azollae的抗铀性比S. javanicum强。     

ABR-BAF组合工艺处理制革综合废水

针对制革综合废水有机污染浓度高的特点,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-曝气生物滤池(BAF)新工艺处理,试验研究了ABR和BAF的启动以及水力停留时间(HRT)、有机负荷及其他因素对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明:ABR在HRT为12 h、水温25～37℃,BAF在HRT为2.5 h、DO≥2.0 mg/L的条件下,组合工艺对制革综合废水的COD平均去除率达88%,出水COD、SS、色度、总铬等指标达DB 44/26—2001《广东省地方标准水污染物排放限值》一级标准。     

阴极扩展电催化还原法对五氯苯酚的脱氯特性

以负载Pd催化剂的活性碳纤维作为扩展阴极,对吸附在活性碳纤维上的五氯苯酚进行了电催化还原脱氯研究.考察了电解质浓度、催化剂含量、电流密度等主要因素对还原脱氯效率的影响.结果表明,电解质浓度0.25 mol·L-1,温度40℃,电流密度25 mA·cm-2,催化剂Pd的含量5%,反应4 h,五氯苯酚的降解率可达到94.3%.通过中间产物的分析对电催化还原脱氯反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

铸造旧砂再生废气治理工程实例

从工艺流程及设备、工程运行监测结果及经济指标等方面,介绍了某铸造旧砂再生废气治理工程,从实际监测结果可知:该工程运行稳定,废气中的各项污染物排放浓度均符合GB16297-1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》排放标准的要求。     

生物铁-复合菌处理牛仔布印染废水

针对生化池1种或几种菌种启动慢、抗冲击负荷能力差和污泥处理效率低的问题,提出用生物铁法结合生物强化技术、投加复合优势菌的处理方法,应用于牛仔布染整废水处理,COD去除率、脱色率分别达到96%、99%,产泥量可减少80%以上,每吨水节约成本60%,吨水处理费用1.6~1.9元,无二次污染,可推广应用。     

A comparison of two models with Landsat data for estimating above ground grassland biomass in Inner Mongolia,China

Two models, artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR), were developed to estimate typical grassland aboveground dry biomass in Xilingol River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and topographic variables (elevation, aspect, and slope) were combined with atmospherically corrected reflectance from the Landsat ETM+ reflective bands as the candidate input variables for building both models. Seven variables (NDVI, aspect, and bands 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7) were selected by the ANN model (implemented in Statistica 6.0 neural network module), while six (elevation, NDVI, and bands 1, 3, 5 and 7) were picked to fit the MLR function after a stepwise analysis was executed between the candidate input variables and the above ground dry biomass. Both models achieved reasonable results with RMSEs ranging from 39.88% to 50.08%. The ANN model provided a more accurate estimation (RMSE_r = 39.88% for the training set, and RMSE_r = 42.36% for the testing set) than MLR (RMSE_r = 49.51% for the training, and RMSE_r = 53.20% for the testing). The final above ground dry biomass maps of the research area were produced based on the ANN and MLR models, generating the estimated mean values of 121 and 147 g/m², respectively.