渤海直排海污染源排放特征及管理对策研究

本文根据2011－2020年渤海直排海污染源监测数据,分析了渤海直排海污染源污染物排放特征及变化趋势,总结了2017年以来特别是渤海综合治理攻坚战实施后直排海污染源治理成效,并提出相应的管理对策。研究结果表明:2011－2020年,渤海直排海污染源污水排放量与黄海、东海和南海海区相比一直处于低位,化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷等污染物排放量总体呈先增加后减少的趋势;从2018年渤海综合治理攻坚战实施开始,直排海污染源入海污水总量呈明显上升趋势,但化学需氧量、总磷、总氮等主要污染物总量和浓度比明显下降,直排海污染源达标率呈逐年上升趋势;空间分布上,山东省、辽宁省属于直排海污染源排放量和排放强度高的省份;时间分布上,2018－2020年第四季度化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、氨氮等主要污染物排放量呈明显上升趋势。结合渤海直排海污染源排放特征,建议应健全渤海直排海污染源管控体系,分类推进渤海直排海污染源精准整治,提升渤海直排海污染源监测能力,为深入开展渤海直排海污染源污染治理提供支撑。     

分层水环境曝气诱导形成内波的过程与特性

采用分层水库模型,在平均温度梯度为0.37℃/cm条件下,开展了系统的曝气诱导内波的中试研究.分析了曝气诱导形成内波的过程,探究了曝气诱导形成内波的类型,重点揭示了曝气扰动源形式和跃温层厚度对内波形成过程和特性的影响.实验结果表明：扬水曝气产生的气水两相流是一种非定常的周期性扰动源,气水两相流的尾迹带动整个模型水体上下振动,这种振动在分层水体跃温层处诱导形成内波.从激发源角度上说,它是一种尾迹效应波.气弹释放周期在44.06～58.69s之间时,内波波高达到最大,当气弹释放周期达到180s时不能形成连续的内波;曝气器出流口增大,内波波高、周期呈增大趋势.分层水体的跃温层厚度也影响内波的形成,相同温度梯度条件下,随着跃温层厚度的增加,内波的波高、周期随之增大.     

长三角农田土壤中滴滴涕的污染特征与生态风险

以长江三角洲地区农田土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤和蔬菜中滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平和空间分布特征,评估了DDTs对土壤生态和人体健康的潜在风险。结果显示,长三角地区农田土壤中DDTs含量范围为0.2~3 520 ng·g-1,平均63.8 ng·g-1,主要残留在土壤耕作层(0~30 cm)。土壤中DDTs及其代谢产物残留量较低,98.5%的点位土壤符合《中国土壤环境质量标准》的二级标准。15%的蔬菜样品中检出DDTs,其浓度为相应土壤DDTs浓度的9%~18%,土壤残留的DDTs通过食物链进入人体导致的健康风险很小。低残留DDTs对土壤微生物的群落结构和多样性无显著影响(-0.25R0.25,0.307P0.979)。应用美国环保署(USEPA)方法评估了土壤中DDTs对人体的健康风险,其中致癌风险级别为非常低,对儿童和成人具有非致癌风险的样品比例分别为1.1%和0.7%。因此,长三角地区大多数点位农田土壤DDTs残留量较低,不会对生态环境和人体健康产生危害。     

丙烯腈诱导的氧化应激对大鼠睾丸NF-κB信号通路的影响

为探索丙烯腈(acrylonitrile,ACN)诱导的氧化应激对大鼠睾丸NF-κB信号通路的影响,将50只SPF级健康SD雄性大鼠按体重随机分为12.5、25、50 mg·kg~(-1)ACN染毒组,50 mg·kg~(-1)ACN+300 mg·kg~(-1)N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)干预组(NAC干预组),对照组(给予等体积玉米油),每组10只,灌胃,1次/天,6天/周,共90 d。可见光分光光度法检测睾丸组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽比值(glutathione/oxidized glutathione,GSH/GSSG)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)。免疫荧光染色法检测睾丸核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)激活及核转移。Western Blot检测睾丸p65、IκB蛋白表达。结果显示,低、高剂量染毒组大鼠睾丸GSH/GSSG比值、GSH-Px酶活性与对照组比较降低(P0.05)。中、高剂量染毒组大鼠睾丸MDA含量与对照组比较升高(P0.05)。NAC干预组大鼠睾丸MDA含量与高ACN组比较降低(P0.05);NAC干预组大鼠睾丸GSH/GSSG比值与高ACN组比较升高(P0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,高ACN组大鼠睾丸NF-κB被激活,并转移入细胞核。NAC干预组与高ACN组比较p65蛋白表达及核转移显著减少。Western Blot结果显示,高剂量染毒组大鼠睾丸p65蛋白表达与对照组比较升高(P0.05),IκB蛋白表达与对照组比较降低(P0.05);NAC干预组大鼠睾丸p65蛋白表达与高ACN组比较降低,IκB蛋白表达与高ACN组比较升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结果表明丙烯腈引起的氧化应激激活了大鼠睾丸生殖细胞NF-κB信号通路。     

Effect of salinity on community structure and naphthalene dioxygenase gene diversity of a halophilic bacterial consortium

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of salinity on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biodegradation, community structure and naphthalene dioxygenase gene (ndo) diversity of a halophilic bacterial consortium with the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) approach. The consortium was developed from oil-contaminated saline soil after enrichment for six times, using phenanthrene as the substrate. The prominent species in the bacterial consortium at all salinities were identified as halophilic bacteria Halomonas, Alcanivorax, Marinobacter, Idiomarina, Martelella and uncultured bacteria. The predominant microbes gradually changed associating with the saline concentration fluctuations ranging from 0.1% to 25% (w/v). Two ndo alpha subunits were dominant at salinities ranging from 0.1% to 20%, while not been clearly detected at 25% salinity. Consistently, the biodegradation occurred at salinities ranging from 0.1% to 20%, while no at 25% salinity, suggesting the two ndo genes played an important role in the degradation. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that both of the two ndo alpha subunits were related to the classic nah-like gene from Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PaK1, while one with identity of about 82% and the other one with identity of 90% at amino acid sequence level. We concluded that salinity greatly affected halophilic bacterial community structure and also the functional genes which were more related to biodegradation.

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Environmental deterioration of farmlands caused by the irrational use of agricultural technologies

Without considering the ecosystem-dependence of agricultural production, irrational use of agricultural technologies could bring only short-term economic benefits but leave long-term environmental deterioration. If some agricultural lands have to be abandoned because of these technologies such as chemical films or groundwater depletion, it will aggravate the burden of remaining lands for maintaining or enhancing production. Thus, agricultural production should be a part of public services, requiring the consideration of interests of different stakeholders and sustainability.     

我国典型城市PM_(2.5)空间分布均匀性分析

随着空气质量新标准的实施,从2013年开始我国部分城市先期开展了PM2.5的例行监测,从中选取不同区域的典型城市,分析了PM2.5在环境中的分布情况。分析结果表明:典型城市PM2.5日均值相对标准偏差(RSD)范围为13%~26%,平均值为18%;我国南方城市PM2.5空间分布均匀性优于北方城市,北方城市冬、春季节PM2.5分布的均匀性较差,南方城市夏季PM2.5分布的均匀性较差;PM2.5的空间分布均匀程度与PM10接近,但明显优于其他气态污染物。综合分析认为,目前我国国家监测网内PM2.5监测点位的代表性能够满足城市空气质量监测与评价工作需要。     

多参数指示南极普里兹湾浮游植物的时空变化

以南极普里兹湾沉积物为研究对象,运用气相色谱技术,研究了生物标志物菜子甾醇、甲藻甾醇、长链烯酮对应指示的硅藻、甲藻、颗石藻等浮游植物的生产量和种群结构的历史变化,结合2001—2011年实测和遥感水体ρ(Chla)(Chla为叶绿素a)及SST(海水表层温度)数据,探讨了该湾浮游植物生产量时空变化特征及其影响因素. 结果表明:过去100多年间南极普里兹湾浮游植物总生产量(212.04~759.10 ng/g)〔以w(菜子甾醇)+w(甲藻甾醇)+w(长链烯酮)计〕和w(硅藻)所占比例(62.28%~87.13%)〔以w(菜子甾醇)所占比例计〕均呈上升趋势,而w(甲藻)所占比例(10.09%~27.98%)〔以w(甲藻甾醇)所占比例计〕和w(颗石藻)所占比例(1.97%~9.74%)〔以w(长链烯酮)所占比例计〕则呈下降趋势. 全球变暖背景下浮游植物种群变动通过改变南大洋对CO₂的吸收进而影响全球碳循环. 水体ρ(Chla)与沉积生物标志物指示的浮游植物总生产量均具有湾内高、湾外低的空间分布特征. 湾内ρ(Chla)与SST的年际变化趋势相似,二者以2002—2003年和2009—2010年相对较高,SST分别为-0.30和0.01 ℃,ρ(Chla)分别为1.69和2.31 mg/m3;以2001—2002年和2010—2011年相对较低,SST分别为-1.19和-0.95 ℃,ρ(Chla)分别为1.08和0.79 mg/m3,表明该湾SST变化可较明显地影响浮游植物的生长.      

The role of supervisor political skill in mentoring: Dual motivational perspectives

Drawing on self‐determination and self‐concept‐based theories, this study investigated the mediating effects of psychological empowerment and organization‐based self‐esteem on the relationship between supervisory mentoring and employee performance and the moderating effect of supervisor political skill on the direct and first stage of the indirect effects. Data were obtained from a sample of 330 subordinate–supervisor dyads from the People's Republic of China. Using PROCESS of conditional indirect effect, we found support for the moderated direct and indirect effects of supervisory mentoring. First, supervisor political skill moderates the direct effect of supervisory mentoring on employee promotability. Second, supervisor political skill moderates the indirect effect of supervisory mentoring on the following: (i) employee promotability via both psychological empowerment and organization‐based self‐esteem and (ii) contextual performance only via psychological empowerment. These direct and indirect effects of supervisory mentoring are stronger when supervisors demonstrate a higher level of political skill. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用EXAFS研究Zn在水锰矿上的吸附-解吸机理

用延展X光吸收精细结构光谱(EXAFS)研究了重金属Zn(Ⅱ)在水锰矿(γ-MnOOH)上吸附产物的微观结构及其吸附机理.结果表明,Zn(Ⅱ)-水锰矿体系中(pH 7.5,0.1mol/LNaNO₃介质,25℃),Zn²⁺主要是通过共用水合Zn²⁺的O原子及水锰矿表面上的O原子形成Zn-O键,从而结合到水锰矿固体表面上的.平均Zn-O原子间距为1.998±0.010 A(n=3).这个Zn-O键键长是六配位的Zn(H₂O)²⁺₆及其水解产物四配位的Zn(OH)₂或Zn(OH)₄^2-各以一定比例混合吸附于水锰矿表面而形成的.同时,对第二配位层(Zn-Mn相互作用)的EXAFS图谱分析证明存在2个典型的Zn-Mn原子间距,即R₁=3.08±0.024A(n=3)和R2=3.54±0.018 A(n=3).这2个Zn-Mn原子距分别对应于水锰矿结构单元MnO6八面体与Zn水合离子ZnO多面体结合的2种方式,即共用2个O原子的边-边结合与共用1个O原子的角-角结合.边-边结合是较强的吸附位,Zn-Mn原子距较短(R₁=3.08A),吸附较不可逆.角-角结合是较弱的吸附位,Zn-Mn原子距较长(R₂=3.54A),吸附较为可逆.这一结果从微观上证明了亚稳平衡态吸附理论(MEA理论)的基本假设,即具有相同吸附密度的同一吸附质由于吸附力强弱以及微观构型的不同可具有不同的化学位,因而证明了修正传统吸附热力学的基本假设(吸附密度为热力学状态函数)的必要性.宏观的吸附-解吸热力学实验表明Zn(Ⅱ)在水锰矿上的吸附是不可逆的,EXAFS结果指出这种不可逆性主要是由Zn水合离子中ZnO多面体与水锰矿结构单元MnO₆八面体之间的边-边结合所导致的.