铁路煤扬尘抑尘试验研究

抑尘剂溶液喷洒在煤堆表面后,能使其表面粘结形成具有一定强度的硬壳,具有防尘作用.试验测定了未喷抑尘剂和喷有不同抑尘剂的煤样在30 m/s风速下的扬尘浓度,并在黑龙江省鸡西市华峰洗煤厂进行了现场试验.试验结果表明,喷洒抑尘剂对铁路煤运中煤抑尘效果有一定改善.铁路煤运过程中应用该抑尘剂不仅可以减少扬尘、保护环境,而且还可减少煤的流失.     

好氧-厌氧污泥耦合白腐真菌单元对焦化废水的处理

白腐真菌因能分泌胞外木质素降解酶降解难降解有机污染物,而在难降解有机废水处理中具有巨大应用潜力.其研究常采用白腐真菌直接处理废水,很少关注常规生物法耦合白腐真菌的处理方式.基于此,分别采用白腐真菌和好氧-厌氧污泥耦合Phanerochaete Chrysosporium处理焦化废水以考察后者的可行性.在好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium的处理中,仅采用3 d的处理时间,好氧-厌氧污泥可将6097 mg·L~(-1)的COD和351 mg·L~(-1)的氨氮分别降至1634~1684 mg·L~(-1)和102~117 mg·L~(-1);进而固定化P.chrysosporium将COD和氨氮再次分别降至1322~1372 mg·L~(-1)和16~62 mg·L~(-1).最终COD和氨氮的去除率分别达77%~78%和82%~95%,这表明:好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium处理焦化废水可在更短的处理周期完成比直接采用白腐真菌处理更好的处理效果,此思路合理可行.     

Preliminary study of groundwater denitrification using a composite membrane bioreactor

A composite membrane bioreactor (CMBR) integrating the immobilized cell technique and the membrane separation technology was developed for groundwater denitrification. The CMBR had two well mixed compartments with one filled with the nitrate-containing influent and the other with a dilute ethanol solution; the compartments were separated by the composite membrane consisting of a microporous membrane facing the influent and an immobilized cell membrane facing the ethanol solution. Nitrate and ethanol molecules diffused from the respective compartments into the immobilized cell membrane where nitrate was reduced to gaseous nitrogen by the denitrifying bacteria present there with ethanol as the carbon source. The microporous membrane was attached to one side of the immobilized cell membrane for retention of the disaggregated bacteria. Relative to the single dose of external ethanol, the two-dose supplementation produced better treatment results as evidenced by the lower concentrations of NO₃⁻-N and ethanol (as measured by total organic carbon) of the effluent. The batch treatment in CMBR removed most of the nitrate in the influent and attained a stable denitrification rate of 0.1 g·m⁻²·h⁻¹ for most of the 96-h cycles during the 30-cycle study. The effluent was essentially free of ethanol and nitrite nitrogen.     

Understanding the causes of vulnerabilities for enhancing social-physical resilience: lessons from the Wenchuan earthquake

ABSTRACT

In an effort to understand the social-physical vulnerabilities from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, this research established and validated a conceptual model for natural disaster analysis. The earthquake severely impacted the built environment, with many buildings being destroyed in the earthquake and from secondary impacts. This vulnerable environment exacerbated the poverty in the local residents because of the lack of flat land and the inaccessibility of the mountainous areas. Therefore, there was an interactive relationship between the built environment vulnerability and the social vulnerability. Due to general poverty and low education levels, social vulnerability in rural areas is often the result of poor quality building construction; in the event of an earthquake, therefore, most economic losses and casualties are the result of building destruction. To enhance social-physical resilience, measures should be adopted to mitigate the vulnerability of the built environment and society through actions such as land use planning, the use of seismic-resistant technologies, and investment in infrastructure, education, industrial development, and environmental protection. This research extracts the reasons for the vulnerabilities through an examination of the interactions between the natural environment, the built environment, and the local society. The insights gained have significant theoretical and practical implications in assisting vulnerable communities resist and adapt to natural hazards to achieve sustainable development.     

基于MODIS数据辅助的太湖叶绿素a空间插值应用

通过运用Modis太湖遥感数据反演得到的太湖叶绿素a浓度,利用克里格与加权反距离这2种插值法,首先进行全湖的插值方法的比较和插值样点数的选取;并对太湖8个湖区进行插值点分区研究;最后运用克里格对太湖进行全年不同季节的应用效果评价。结论如下:(1)在插值方法的选取上,克里格法更适合太湖叶绿素a的插值应用,全湖合理的取样数为68个。(2)各湖区蓝藻空间分布相关性由大到小依次为:南部沿岸区>湖心区>贡湖>东部沿岸区>东太湖>西部沿岸区>梅梁湖>竺山湖。(3)对于蓝藻不同生长阶段来说,在蓝藻休眠中后期(12-次年2月)、复苏期(3-4月)、生物量增加前期(4-7月)的预测效果较好;而在蓝藻生物量增加中后期(7-9月),上浮、积聚期到休眠前期(7-12月)预测精度较差。总体来说,冬季、春季插值的效果好于夏季,秋季插值效果最差。     

A novel hydrothermal method to synthesize brookite titanium dioxide nanosquares for efficient pollutant degradation

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Photocatalysis is a cost-effective method to degrade and remove pollutants, using semiconductor catalysts such as titanium dioxide. The brookite form of titanium...     

循环水养殖系统中流化床生物滤器净水效果影响因素

为优化流化床生物滤器的工作性能,采用新型填料玻璃珠作为滤器的基质,并将其应用于罗非鱼循环水养殖系统,研究了玻璃珠粒径、床层膨胀率、碱度和氨氮负荷4个可控因素对其处理养殖废水效果的影响。结果表明,流化床生物滤器挂膜23d后生物膜成熟稳定,当床层膨胀率低于160％时,床层增高和填料流失现象不明显。选用0．2～0．4mm粒径的玻璃珠为填料时,对TAN和NO2--N的去除率显著高于以0．4～0．6mm玻璃珠为填料的滤器;随着床层膨胀率的提高,滤器对TAN和NO2--N的去除率逐渐下降,但对TAN的去除负荷有一定的提高;碱度和TAN负荷的增加有利于滤器的硝化作用。流化床生物滤器对养殖水体中的TAN的平均去除负荷和NO2--N的去除率分别可以达到（673．11±23．26）g／（m3·d）和（90．24±3．45）％,显示出较好的硝化性能。     

光催化反应中活性氧物种产生及抗菌机制研究

空气中的致病菌引发的流行性疾病严重威胁人类生命安全。近年来,光催化微生物灭活技术作为一种广谱高效、安全稳定、持久耐热、不易产生耐药性、杀菌彻底的方法受到广泛关注。光催化反应中产生的活性氧物种（reactive oxygen species,ROS）在光催化抗菌中发挥着不可替代的作用,但特定类别ROS的产生和杀菌机制的研究较少,尚未有综述对其进行系统概述。本文重点从光催化半导体的能带结构与特定ROS（∙O₂⁻、∙OH、H₂O₂）氧化还原电势的关系综述了三种自由基的产生机制,从氧化能力、存在寿命、主要作用对象等方面简要讨论了自由基对细菌造成氧化损伤和功能失调的具体过程,另外还涉及ROS的检测方法和抗菌性能评价方式,进一步对光催化抗菌技术在环境消杀领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

二维钼基纳米抗菌材料的可控制备及抗菌机制研究进展

细菌感染对人体健康构成了极大威胁,超级细菌的耐药问题也愈发严峻,开发新型抗菌制剂已成为业内普遍共识。钼基纳米材料凭借其独特的理化特性和良好的生物相容性,在抗菌领域应用前景广阔。本文从材料结构、制备方法和抗菌机理3个方面综述了二维钼基纳米抗菌材料的研究进展,介绍了物理接触破坏及微环境改变、氧化应激、外源性自由基诱导和金属离子控释4种代表性抗菌机理的研究现状。最后分析了钼基抗菌制剂目前的挑战和未来的发展前景。     

CeWOx催化剂协同脱除氮氧化物及氯代芳香化合物的反应机制研究

多污染物协同控制是大气污染控制技术的发展方向.本文以氮氧化物（NO_x）及氯苯（CB）为典型多污染物组分,考察了不同Ce/W比例Ce WO_x催化剂协同脱除NO_x及CB的催化性能及反应特征.其中,Ce₈W₁O_x催化剂表现出最佳的催化活性,在温度为350℃时,NO_x、CB转化率均达到100%.NO_x选择性催化还原（SCR）、CB催化氧化（CBCO）和协同脱除反应（SCR+CBCO）的对比实验发现,协同反应的NO_x和CB转化均受到不同程度的抑制,尤以SCR对CBCO的抑制作用更为明显.TPSR及DRIFT表征证明NH₃和CB之间的竞争性吸附是SCR和CBCO协同反应活性下降的主要原因.Ce WO_x催化剂上CB解离生成的氯经氧空位活化形成Cl·,易导致亲电加氯反应从而促进多氯苯生成.SCR为CBCO提供了额外氢,源于NH₃吸附于Lewi...