长沙市夏季大气颗粒物中重金属的形态及其源解析

对长沙市高开区、经开区、开福区以及马坡岭4个采样点夏季的大气颗粒物(TSP)浓度以及颗粒物中的重金属元素Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb和Cd的浓度和形态分布进行了研究分析,利用污染因子(Cf)对重金属元素的可保持能力进行了评价,并利用因子分析方法(PCA)分析TSP中重金属元素的主要来源。结果显示长沙市夏季TSP平均浓度为220.7μg/m3,表明长沙市颗粒物污染较严重。TSP中重金属元素浓度大小顺序为:ZnPbCuMnCd。从形态分布来看,大约63.3%~89.0%的Cu主要存在于可氧化态(F3),而Mn在这一态中分布最少。元素Zn、Cd则主要分布在弱酸提取态,分别占了70%和35%。Pb主要分布在残渣态,大约为24%~43%。由污染因子计算可知Cu、Cd和Zn比Mn、Pb有更高的迁移性。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌KJ-10的絮凝性能及絮凝成分分析

从炼厂含油污泥中分离筛选出一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌KJ-10,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌.为进一步探讨该菌株的絮凝性能和絮凝成分,实验考察了该菌株对高岭土悬液和含油废水的处理效果,研究了所产絮凝剂的热稳定性,并通过紫外光谱、红外光谱、GC-MS技术及多糖含量测定等途径对其絮凝成分进行了深入分析.结果表明,该菌株对高岭土悬液的...     

Experimental study on the control of black smoke pollution from the ceramic kilns based on the mechanism of the surfactant and coagulant

Aiming at the characteristics of carbon black, a new method of controlling the black smoke from the industrial coal-burning ceramic kilns by wetting was brought forward. The carbon black in the flue of coal-burning ceramic kiln was collected for the experiments, and its physical and chemical properties were studied in detail. In order to change the sedimentation and wettability state of the carbon black, the complex solution of the coagulant and surfactant was applied. After a series of orthogonal experiments, the complex solutions with better effects were chosen. Then, the sedimentation percentage of carbon black treated by the selected complex solutions was measured. The optimized complex solutions included Na₂SO₄ (100 mmol/L), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) (1.2 mmol/L) and polyacrylamide (PAM) (40 mg/L). After carbon black was absorbed, the complex solutions were clear and colorless. The complex solutions can be recycled, and the sedimentation percentage of carbon black is 94%.     

pH和温度对邻苯二甲酸二辛酯生物降解的影响研究

由于邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的广泛应用,对环境造成了巨大的影响,因此对其的降解性研究刻不容缓。选取邻苯二甲酸酯类中的一种化合物——邻苯二甲酸二辛酯作为受试物,运用好氧生物降解方法,把驯养后的污水处理厂的活性污泥对其进行降解试验,通过对pH值和温度的调节,研究温度在15℃～45℃,pH值在5.0～9.0时邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)的降解情况,结果表明,好氧生物降解DOP的适宜温度为30℃～35℃,适宜pH值为8.0。     

江苏省生态工业园指标体系研究

文章在分析了国内现有的生态工业园相关指标体系的基础上,结合江苏省工业园区的特点,提出了江苏省生态工业园区指标体系。指标体系包括经济发展、物质减量与循环、污染控制、园区管理四个方面,共27项指标构成的指标体系,其中约束性指标25项,参考性指标2项。这为江苏省级生态工业园区的创建和考核提供了依据。     

Anaerobic digestion and recycling of kitchen waste: a review

About 1.6 billion tons of food are wasted worldwide annually, calling for advanced methods to recycle food waste into energy and materials. Anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste allows the efficient recovery of energy, and induces low-carbon emissions. Nonetheless, digestion stability and biogas production are variables, due to dietary habits and seasonal diet variations that modify the components of kitchen waste. Another challenge is the recycling of the digestate, which could be partly solved by more efficient reactors of anaerobic digestion. Here, we review the bottlenecks of anaerobic digestion treatment of kitchen waste, with focus on components inhibition, and energy recovery from biogas slurry and residue. We provide rules for the optimal treatment of the organic fraction of kitchen waste, and guidelines to upgrade the anaerobic digestion processes. We propose a strategy using an anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor to improve anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste, and a model for the complete transformation and recycling of kitchen waste, based on component properties.

     

耐热石油烃降解混合菌的筛选及其群落结构分析

对克拉玛依采集的部分石油污染土壤进行了筛选,得到了5组石油烃高效降解混合菌,其中混合菌KL9-1在45℃的条件下,通过7 d的降解,稀油的降解率达到43.27%,稠油的降解率达到20.09%。混合菌KL9-1经过多次分离纯化后,获得3株具有石油烃降解能力的优势单菌,3株单菌对稀油的降解率都在30%以上。结合分离单菌株的形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列的分析结果,初步鉴定KL9-1-1为Pseudomonas putida,KL9-1-2和KL9-1-3为Pseudomonas sp.。     

北京市冬季典型重污染时段PM2.5污染来源模式解析

为了探究近年来北京市PM_2.5污染区域来源规律和重污染累积过程中PM_2.5的生成途径,利用第三代三维空气质量模型CAMx的颗粒物源示踪(PSAT)和过程分析(PA)技术,模拟计算了北京市2013年和2014两次冬季典型重污染时段PM_2.5的源-受体关系和物理、化学过程对PM_2.5的生成贡献. 结果表明:在区域来源贡献中,随着空气污染等级由优升至严重污染,外地PM_2.5贡献率从42.9%升至67.4%,本地贡献率由57.1%降至32.6%,其中外地二次PM_2.5贡献率从20.2%升至39.8%,为北京市重污染时段的主要贡献因子;在外地贡献中,廊坊市、山东省、天津市、唐山市的贡献率较大,分别为3.2%~4.7%、3.8%~7.5%、3.6%~5.8%、2.2%~3.2%. PA分析结果表明:在不利气象条件(持续性的逆温层结)下,南边界的输送在重污染过程中起到了重要作用,对ρ(PM_2.5)增长的贡献速率可达10 μg/(m3·h). 此外,本地化学转化在重污染时段对ρ(PM_2.5)爆发性增长的贡献率也可以达到40.0%,其中特殊天气条件下二次PM_2.5生成贡献的显著增加是造成ρ(PM_2.5)出现峰值的主要原因. 研究显示,随着污染程度的加重,北京市受区域性污染的影响逐渐加大;在重污染过程中,不利气象条件下的本地化学转化与水平输送对近地层ρ(PM_2.5)峰值的出现与维持发挥了重要作用.      

Experimental and density functional theory study of the adsorption of N2O on ion-exchanged ZSM-5: Part II. The adsorption of N2O on main-group ion-exchanged ZSM-5

The adsorption and desorption of N2O on main-group ion-exchanged ZSM-5 was studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. TPD experiments were carried out to determine the desorbed temperature Tmax corresponding to the maximum mass intensity of N2O desorption peak and adsorption capacity of N2O on metal-ion-exchanged ZSM- 5s. The results indicated that Tmax followed a sequence of Ba2+ > Ca2+ > Cs+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+and the amount of adsorbed N2O on main-group metal cation followed a sequence of Ba2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ > Cs+. The DFT calculations were performed to obtain the adsorption energy (Eads), which represents the strength of the interaction between metal cations and the N-end or O-end of N2O. The calculation results showed that the N-end of the N2O molecule was favorably adsorbed on ion-exchanged ZSM-5, except for Cs-ZSM-5. For alkali metal cations, the Eads of N2O on cations followed the order which was the same to that of Tmax: Cs+ > K+ > Na+. The calculated and experimental results consistently showed that the adsorption performances of alkaline-earth metal cations were better than those of alkali metal cations.     

中国未来核电严重事故发生的可能性研究

安全是核电发展的重大前提,但是核电发展的短短历史时期内就发生了3次严重事故,第4次事故会不会发生在中国?通过列举历史、法规、技术、文化、制度等方面的因素,说明可以保障中国核电不发生严重事故,但是由于存在法规杂乱、技术青涩以及人因等因素,使得核电存在发生严重事故的可能。应用概率方法,对各国严重事故发生概率进行了计算,发现事故一般都早于计算的预期,核电在中长期内还存在发生严重事故的可能。中国核电应杜绝"大跃进"式发展,统一完善核电法规标准,严格制度和实施过程,选择科学的发展模式,才能保证核电安全。