中国黄土元素背景值分异规律研究

报道了中国黄土中40个元素的背景值,并以F、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、V、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Pb、Hg等13个元素为例,讨论了其在黄土高原的分布与含量。利用趋势面分析等数理统计方法,揭示了黄土中元素的某些环境地球化学特征及元素背景值的分异规律。结果表明,黄土的元素背景值具有三维的分异特征,黄土的质地及沉积的生物气候环境黄土是影响背景值分异的主要因素。为中国黄土的风成学说提供了佐证。     

被动式自适应悬吊质量摆对大跨空间结构振动控制的研究∗

针对悬吊质量摆在地震作用下动力响应过大而导致的大摆角频率失调问题,提出一种基于弧形支座的被动式自适应悬吊质量摆,以保证其在振动过程中周期保持恒定并应用于大跨空间结构的振动控制。首先推导出在大摆角振动中能使悬吊摆的周期保持恒定的弧形支座的数学方程,接着利用拉格朗日方程原理建立了自适应悬摆— 大跨空间结构耦合体系的运动方程。针对悬吊质量摆仅能控制结构水平振动的缺点进行改进,使其可以同时控制大跨空间结构水平和竖向的动力响应。以一单层网壳结构为例,研究了其在不同的水平和竖向地震作用下的减振效果,并与传统的悬吊摆进行对比。结果表明,改进后的自适应摆对大跨结构水平和竖向地震响应的峰值和均值都有较好的减振效果,减振率最高可达 65%,尤其是大摆角时减振效果明显优于传统的悬吊质量摆。     

锦州湾沉积物重金属污染若干问题研究

本文研究了锦州湾沉积物中重金属在不同粒级中的分布规律,据此得出了对沉积物重金属实测含量进行修正的粒度校正方法.经校正后,该湾沉积物中重金属含量较未校正者高3—40倍.对该地区≤2μm样品进行分相测定的结果表明,污染程度、沉积物化学组成均对重金属在沉积物中的相分布有影响,而重金属在不同粒级样品中的相分布无明显差异,在向人工海水-沉积物系统中投放各种污染物的模拟实验证明:金属向沉积物各相转移的动力学过程是迅速的,在一天内基本可达平衡.     

离子液体对废旧印刷线路板中铜、锌、铅的浸出规律

以离子液体1-丁基磺酸-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲烷磺酸盐([BSO_3HMIm]OTf)为浸出剂,初步研究了WPCBs浸铜过程中锌和铅浸出率的影响因素。实验结果表明:铜、锌的浸出率随着WPCBs粒径的减小、H_2O_2溶液加入量的增大而增大,铜的浸出率随浸出温度的升高先增大后减小,锌的浸出率受浸出温度影响不大;铅的浸出率受5种因素影响不大,且总体处于较低水平。在WPCBs粒径为0.100~0.250 mm、离子液体加入量为60.0%(φ)、H_2O_2溶液加入量为7.5%(φ)、固液比为1∶15、浸出温度为50℃的条件下,铜、锌、铅的浸出率分别为99.84%,93.25%,22.46%。     

植物活性物质对PM_(2.5)致细胞损伤的抗性作用

为研究植物活性物质对PM2.5致细胞损伤的抗性作用,研究了北京城区PM2.5对CHO(Chinese hamster ovary,中国仓鼠卵巢)细胞的损伤作用,并选择植物活性物质绿原酸、阿魏酸和荭草素探讨其对CHO细胞的保护作用.以CCK-8法确定PM2.5的试验剂量和3种活性物质的最佳保护剂量,然后通过彗星试验、微核试验、流式细胞术及Western Blotting分别检测PM2.5的损伤作用及植物活性物质的保护作用.结果表明:1由CHO细胞存活率可知,PM2.5的有效试验剂量为15μg/m L,绿原酸、阿魏酸和荭草素的最佳保护剂量分别为50、20、10μmol/L.2PM2.5可引起CHO细胞明显的DNA损伤、微核形成增加、细胞周期阻滞所致的细胞增殖指数降低,而经阿魏酸、绿原酸和荭草素预处理后,均可减轻PM2.5对细胞的损伤作用,起到了一定的保护作用.3PM2.5能引起CHO细胞中p53和caspase-3蛋白的表达增加,而阿魏酸、绿原酸和荭草素均可使其表达量有所降低.由PM2.5引起的细胞损伤经绿原酸、阿魏酸、荭草素作用后表达量降低.在3种植物活性物质中,以阿魏酸拮抗PM2.5损伤的效果最佳,绿原酸次之,荭草素相对较差.     

超声前处理强化活性炭吸附活性艳红X-3B染料废水

探究了超声前处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水强化活性炭吸附降解性能及不同超声参数的影响规律,包括超声功率和超声时间。研究结果表明,超声前处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水可通过空化效应使有机大分子裂解为小分子易于被活性炭吸附,同时可强化其到活性炭微孔中传输,提高了活性炭吸附降解性能,最佳超声功率为320 W。浓度越高,所需超声时间越长,当超声达到一定时间后,继续超声不会影响染料分子的吸附。超声前处理虽然不会改变吸附平衡时间,但可有效增加活性炭处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水的饱和吸附量。     

含酸油脱水影响因素及处理技术研究进展

文章在介绍油田含酸油来源的基础上,详细阐述了国内外关于影响含酸油脱水因素的研究进展,分析表明:含酸油pH值在6~8范围外,原油脱水率均小于85%;不同酸对原油脱水影响不同,其影响程度一般为残酸土酸盐酸;原油中酸化淤渣越多,油水界面膜稳定性越高,酸化油脱水难度越大;酸化油中亲水固体颗粒趋向于水包油型乳状液,亲油固体颗粒趋向于油包水型乳状液,固体颗粒的粒径越小,形成乳状液越稳定;酸化油中胶质、沥青质越高,油水乳状液相对越稳定。最后综述了中和预处理法、水洗法、化学破乳法、超声波辅助法以及联合破乳法对含酸油有效的破乳方法,介绍了这几种破乳方法的适用范围,并建议处理含酸油时,应先弄清影响含酸油脱水的主要因素,采用合适的脱水方法,提高含酸油脱水效率。     

Grazing greatly reduces the temporal stability of soil cellulolytic fungal community in a steppe on the Tibetan Plateau

Excessive livestock grazing degrades grasslands ecosystem stability and sustainability by reducing soil organic matter and plant productivity. However, the effects of grazing on soil cellulolytic fungi, an important indicator of the degradation process for soil organic matter, remain less well understood. Using T-RFLP and sequencing methods, we investigated the effects of grazing on the temporal changes of cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure in dry steppe soils during the growing months from May to September, on the Tibetan Plateau using T-RFLP and sequencing methods. The results demonstrated that the abundance of soil cellulolytic fungi under grazing treatment changed significantly from month to month, and was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil temperature, but negatively correlated with soil pH. Contrastingly, cellulolytic fungal abundance did not change within the fencing treatment (ungrazed conditions). Cellulolytic fungal community structure changed significantly in the growing months in grazed soils, but did not change in fenced soils. Grazing played a key role in determining the community structure of soil cellulolytic fungi by explaining 8.1% of the variation, while pH and DOC explained 4.1% and 4.0%, respectively. Phylogenetically, the cellulolytic fungi were primarily affiliated with Ascomycota (69.65% in relative abundance) and Basidiomycota (30.35%). Therefore, grazing substantially reduced the stability of soil cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure, as compared with the fencing treatment. Our finding provides a new insight into the responses of organic matter-decomposing microbes for grassland managements.     

Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery

Conflicts between local people's livelihoods and conservation have led to many unsuccessful conservation efforts and have stimulated debates on policies that might simultaneously promote sustainable management of protected areas and improve the living conditions of local people. Many government‐sponsored payments‐for‐ecosystem‐services (PES) schemes have been implemented around the world. However, few empirical assessments of their effectiveness have been conducted, and even fewer assessments have directly measured their effects on ecosystem services. We conducted an empirical and spatially explicit assessment of the conservation effectiveness of one of the world's largest PES programs through the use of a long‐term empirical data set, a satellite‐based habitat model, and spatial autoregressive analyses on direct measures of change in an ecosystem service (i.e., the provision of wildlife species habitat). Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat improved in Wolong Nature Reserve of China after the implementation of the Natural Forest Conservation Program. The improvement was more pronounced in areas monitored by local residents than those monitored by the local government, but only when a higher payment was provided. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of a PES program depends on who receives the payment and on whether the payment provides sufficient incentives. As engagement of local residents has not been incorporated in many conservation strategies elsewhere in China or around the world, our results also suggest that using an incentive‐based strategy as a complement to command‐and‐control, community‐ and norm‐based strategies may help achieve greater conservation effectiveness and provide a potential solution for the park versus people conflict.     

The effects of autophagy in rat tracheal epithelial cells induced by silver nanoparticles

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The massive use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is potentially harmful to exposed humans. Although previous studies have found that AgNPs can induce...