Abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in Tibetan and Yunnan plateau agricultural soils of China

As low oxygen and high ultraviolet （UV） exposure might significantly affect the microbial existence in plateau, it could lead to a specialized microbial community. To determine the abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA） in agricultural soil of plateau, seven soil samples were collected respectively from farmlands in Tibet and Yunnan cultivating the wheat, highland-barley, and colza, which are located at altitudes of 3200-3800 m above sea level. Quantitative PCR （q-PCR） and clone library targeting on amoA gene were used to quantify the abundances of AOA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB）, and characterize the community structures of AOA in the samples. The number of AOA cells （9.34 × 10^7-2.32× 10^8 g^-1 soil） was 3.86-21.84 times greater than that of AOB cells （6.91 × 10^6-1.24 × 10^8 g^-1 soil） in most of the samples, except a soil sample cultivating highland- barley with an AOA/AOB ratio of 0.90. Based Kendall＇s correlation coefficient, no remarkable correlation between AOA abundance and the environmental factor was observed. Additionally, the diversities of AOA community were affected by total nitrogen and organic matter concentration in soils, suggesting that AOA was probably sensitive to several environmental factors, and could adjust its community structure to adapt to the environmental variation while maintaining its abundance.     

农业面源污染治理探析——从新型肥料生产环节视角

化肥不合理施用带来的农业面源污染问题亟待治理,实践表明,绿色、高效、环保、优质的新型肥料是促进化肥减施增效的有效途径。本文以新型肥料为例,通过对肥料生产企业的实地调研,从肥料生产环节识别化肥减施增效工作推进中存在的问题。新型肥料在生产环节面临供给成本高、需求不足的困境,其主要原因是:新型肥料生产工序复杂,环保设施增加成本;按照国家产业目录,企业性质统一划分为化工企业,发展受到严重制约;新型肥料品种层出不穷,标准落后不匹配;新型肥料产品推广服务成本高。另外,政府低价招标有机肥,弊病丛生,扰乱正常市场秩序,降低企业生产优质新型肥料的积极性。为此本文建议,一方面应降低新型肥料生产和流通成本,另一方面应加强新型肥料宣传推广。     

Reproductive allocation patterns in different edaphic types populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haloxylon ammodendron</Emphasis> in Gurbantünggüt desert

The reproductive allocation (RA) of Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey.) Bunge was studied in different edaphic types of the Gurbantünggüt desert. Results showed that the RA had significant hierarchical variation. Both RA and reproductive output (RO) were size-dependent, and relationships between above-ground total biomass and RA/RO were represented by linear or exponential equations. The RA in loam increased with aboveground total biomass increased. However, the RA showed a faint decrease in gravel soil and significant decrease in sandy soil with aboveground total biomass increased. Then, the stability of the population was analyzed in three edaphic types.     

IrO2/Ti-Fe电极电化学降解四氯化碳的研究

以Ir O2/Ti为阳极,Fe为阴极,研究了电化学降解四氯化碳(Carbon Tetrachloride,CT)的性能,重点研究了槽电压、极板间距、溶液的初始p H、电解质种类及浓度等因素对CT处理效果的影响.结果表明:槽电压为3 V,极板间距为50 mm,初始p H为4.5,电解质Na2SO4浓度为10mmol·L~(-1)时,CT的降解效果最佳,3 h内CT(1 mg·L~(-1))的去除率可达68.6%.运用循环伏安法(Cyclic Voltammetry,CV)研究了CT的电化学降解行为,并对降解机理进行初步推测,发现阴极还原脱氯是CT电化学降解的主要途径,CT还原脱氯的产物主要是三氯甲烷(Chloroform,CF)和二氯甲烷(Dichloromethane,DCM).     

Microbial fuel cells: enhancement with a polyaniline/carbon felt capacitive bioanode and reduction of Cr(VI) using the intermittent operation

Environmental Chemistry Letters - With the increasing concern for energy sources, waste management, the search for novel technological solutions continues. Microbial fuel cell is a new...     

甲烷氧化菌在填埋场覆盖层的工程应用 (Ⅰ):分离与筛选

选取了湖泊底泥、矿化垃圾、覆盖土和好氧污泥4种填埋场周边易得基质为分离源,采用驯化、传代培养、甲烷氧化能力及适应性等方法进行了适合于填埋场覆盖层应用的甲烷氧化菌的筛选研究.结果表明,从好氧污泥中分离得到的甲烷氧化菌较其它分离源得到的甲烷氧化菌具有更高的甲烷氧化活性(2461.29μg·h-1·g-1,以每g干污泥每小时氧化的CH4量(μg)计,下同)和甲烷氧化速率增幅(1045.56μg·h-1·g-1,以每g干污泥每小时氧化的CH4量(μg)计,下同),接种后能显著提高覆盖材料的甲烷氧化能力(p0.05),且不受CH4浓度的抑制.源自好氧污泥的甲烷氧化菌具有生长迟滞期短、生长速率高等特点,对填埋场的甲烷削减更具适应性,有利于工程扩大应用.     

次氯酸钙预处理对污泥厌氧发酵合成中链脂肪酸的影响研究

探究了次氯酸钙(Ca(ClO)₂)预处理对活性污泥厌氧发酵合成中链脂肪酸(MCFAs)的影响,结果表明Ca(ClO)₂能显著提高污泥的降解性能,且发酵液中可溶性有机物增量与Ca(ClO)₂浓度梯度呈正相关.当预处理浓度为80 mg·g^-1时,产出MCFAs浓度达到峰值(5691.9 mg·L^-1),是空白组的2.6倍.然而,更高Ca(ClO)₂(240 mg·g^-1)预处理浓度下其对污泥中的微生物过程(水解、酸化过程)的抑制作用导致MCFAs产出浓度有所降低.本研究为拓展污泥高值化处理技术提供了新思路.     

采用分层采样技术对场地地下水污染物进行三维空间描述

地下水单一混合层采样所需建井及采样技术较简单,曾被广泛应用于地下水监测,但根据该技术所得地下水污染物数据进行污染场地地下水污染羽和污染程度描述,常常存在较严重的偏差。以某氯代烃污染场地为例,详细阐述了巢式监测井的建井及分层采样技术,并以该场地主要污染物氯乙烯和氯仿为例,对比了来自不同采样技术的两个主要污染物数据,证实了采用分层采样技术对污染场地地下水进行调查,具有更好的准确性和可靠性。     

基于模糊规则的社会力模型改进研究

针对社会力模型人员作用范围系数进行优化,基于模糊规则改进模型中人员作用范围,使其成为受到疏散速度、疏散人员间距共同影响的动态参数,使模型中人员可通过自身模糊经验判断实际速度、人员交互距离状态来确定心理期望作用范围。仿真结果符合真实疏散特性,证明了人员作用范围系数受人员运动状态的动态影响,并提供参考模糊规则制定原则。     

包装方式对工业废盐填埋过程的影响

工业废盐安全填埋过程常因包装不到位而产生高浓度渗滤液,从而增加了尾排处理难度.本文探究了模拟降雨情景下包装方式差异对工业废盐填埋过程的具体影响.结果发现,工业废盐填埋过程中使用内膜袋有效密封包装作为填埋场前处理十分必要,其对工业废盐填埋过程的保护作用非常显著.有内膜包装情形下,盐分的溶出量仅为无塑料内膜保护下的0.15%.然而一旦包装或隔离设施不到位或者未达到标准,可能引发显著的高于预期的二次污染风险.同时,研究发现工业废盐填埋过程中有机物的迁移速率显著快于其他污染物,盐分释放主要表现为氯离子的迁移.包装方式不同导致模拟填埋柱的沉降高度差异十分明显,因此,工业废盐的不完全包装预处理不仅可能引发严重的二次污染,还可能引发填埋场的滑坡和塌陷的风险.