贵阳市“两湖一库”周边蜘蛛体内镉含量及暴露风险

调查了高镉地质背景区蜘蛛(肖蛸科、园蛛科、蟹蛛科和络新妇科)及其生境水体、土壤和植物中的镉含量,探讨了蜘蛛体内镉的来源、影响因子及存在风险。结果表明,研究区蜘蛛体内的平均镉含量为1. 82±1. 37μg/g(n=130),表现为园蛛科肖蛸科络新妇科≈蟹蛛科。蜘蛛体重与体内镉含量表现出弱的负相关关系(r=-0. 17,p=0. 08),暗示了蜘蛛生长发育过程中的生物稀释效应。狩猎型蟹蛛科和结网型园蛛科蜘蛛体内镉含量与对应土壤镉含量呈显著正相关关系(r=0. 61,0. 97),并且它们对土壤的生物富集因子均大于1,表明这两类蜘蛛可以用来指示土壤镉污染。生物有毒物质残留指数显示,研究区蜘蛛受高镉地质背景影响,体内存在着一定的镉暴露风险。     

Hydrological Variability and Uncertainty of Lower Missouri River Basin Under Changing Climate

The lower Missouri River Basin has experienced increasing streamflow and flooding events, with higher risk of extreme hydrologic impacts under changing climate. The newly available North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) climate projections were used as atmospheric forcing for Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model which runs with varying potential evapotranspiration (PET) methods to assess the hydrological change and uncertainty of 2040‐2069 over 1968‐1997. The NARCCAP temperature and precipitation predictions were refined using a bias correction method. The results show that, following the seasonal variability of precipitation, various water fluxes would increase in most seasons except the summer. Expected precipitation tends to increase in intensity with little change in frequency, triggering faster surface water concentration to form floods. The greatest streamflow increase would occur from November to February, increasing by around 10% on average. An increase of 3% occurs in the other months except for July and August in which river discharge decreases by around 2%. The climate predictions contribute more uncertainty annually, but PET algorithms gain more influence in winter or when other weather factors such as wind play a relatively more important role on evapotranspiration flux. This study predicts an even wetter environment compared to the historically very wet period, with the possibility of more flooding.     

不同温度条件下高分子固化剂改良砂土的强度特性∗

近年来城市热岛效应越加明显,温度变化对土体性质的影响程度备受关注。通过一系列无侧限抗压强度试验,对高分子固化剂改良砂土在不同温度条件下的抗压强度特性进行了研究,并结合微观扫描电镜对改良砂土的微观结构和改良机理进行了研究。结果表明：在相同温度条件下,高分子固化剂改良砂土的强度和弹性模量随高分子固化剂含量的增加而增大;随着温度的升高,高分子固化剂改良砂土的强度和弹性模量一直保持增强趋势,且当温度达到 35℃后,加入 3% 和 4% 含量的高分子固化剂改良砂土的强度增幅变缓;高分子固化剂溶液均匀分散在砂土中,随着水分挥发,在砂粒之间形成了空间网状固化膜,使得分散的土体连接成为一体,从而提高砂土强度;且随着温度的增加,形成的固化膜强度增强,使得改良砂土强度进一步增加。高分子固化剂在高温条件下对砂土依然具有较好的加固效果,可为高温地区防风固沙加固提供新途径。     

面向保险业的大面积自然灾害防灾核损信息系统研究

本文依据区域自然灾害的组织体系，在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ环境下，以ＭａｐＩｎｆｏ（ＧＩＳ）软件为主要支持工具，结合ＦｏｘＰｒｏｗ、ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＋＋，提出了一整套保险防灾核损信息管理系统建设的概念化模型，并以湖南省为例，建立了全中文界面、面向湖南保险业的大面积防灾核损信息系统。最后，结合本系统给出几个应用实例     

临汾市臭氧污染变化特征、气象影响及输送源分析

结合2014~2020年临汾市臭氧逐小时质量浓度和同期气象数据、再分析数据以及潜在源贡献函数法（PSCF）对临汾市O₃污染时空变化特征、与气象因子的关系以及传输路径及潜在源分布开展研究.结果表明,临汾市近年来臭氧污染日益严重,O₃_8h_max年均质量浓度整体呈现上升趋势,2020年相对于2014年增加78.79%;月变化特征呈现“M”双峰型,季节变化峰值出现在夏季,而日变化受近地面大气光化学过程影响显著,呈较为明显的单峰单谷分布,峰值出现在14：00~16：00.O₃浓度与气温和日照时数呈显著线性正相关,当研究区相对湿度为40%~60%,气温高于20℃,风速区间为2~6m/s时易出现高浓度O₃污染.聚类分析表明临汾市O₃重污染天气期间以短距离输送气流为主,高O₃浓度除受到本地生成影响外,还受到省内临近城市及陕西省中部、河南省北部重工企业排放的大量NO_x和VOCs传输的影响.因此,针对临汾市O₃污染在严格控制本地污染源排放的前提下,必须加强汾渭平原地区的联防联控,才能有效缓解该区域大气污染的连片发生.     

Cross-boundary transport and source apportionment for PM2.5 in a typical industrial city in the Hebei Province, China: A modeling study

Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain. In this study, an industrial district (Shahe City) with a large glass manufacturing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) to the city's high levels of pollution. The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), paired with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km. During the study period, the mean mass concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ were observed to be 132.0, 76.1, and 55.5 μg/m³, respectively. The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level. The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4% of the city's total PM_2.5 concentration. This contribution increased to 73.9±21.2% when unfavorable meteorological conditions (high relative humidity, weak wind, and low planetary boundary layer height) were present; such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution (PM_2.5 ≥ 250 μg/m³). The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%. The source apportionment results showed that industry (47%), transportation (10%), power (17%), and residential (26%) sectors were the most important sources of PM_2.5 in Shahe. The glass factories (where chimney stack heights were normally < 70 m) in Shahe contributed 32.1% of the total PM_2.5 concentration in Shahe. With an increase in PM_2.5 concentration, the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally. At times when pollution levels were severe, the horizontally influenced area mainly covered Shahe. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%, 40%, and 60% could lead to a decrease in the mass concentration of PM_2.5 of of 12.0%, 23.8%, and 35.5%, respectively.     

Biofilm response and removal via the coupling of visible-light-driven photocatalysis and biodegradation in an environment of sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI)

The widespread contamination of water systems with antibiotics and heavy metals has gained much attention. Intimately coupled visible -light-responsive photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) provides a novel approach for removing such mixed pollutants. In ICPB, the photocatalysis products are biodegraded by a protected biofilm, leading to the mineralization of refractory organics. In the present study, the ICPB approach exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and biodegradation, providing up to ∼1.27 times the degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 1.16 times the Cr(VI) reduction rate of visible-light-induced photocatalysis . Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis demonstrated the synergistic ICPB effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation for removing SMX and reducing Cr(VI). In addition, the toxicity of the SMX intermediates and Cr(VI) in the ICPB process significantly decreased. The use of MoS₂/CoS₂ photocatalyst accelerated the separation of electrons and holes, with•O₂^– and h⁺ attacking SMX and e^– reducing Cr(VI), providing an effective means for enhancing the removal and mineralization of these mixed pollutants via the ICPB technique. The microbial community results demonstrate that bacteria that are conducive to pollutant removal are were enriched by the acclimation and ICPB operation processes, thus significantly improving the performance of the ICPB system.     

PVA/ZnONPs活细胞固定化载体的构建及喹啉生物降解特性试验研究

利用ZnO纳米颗粒(ZnONPs)修饰聚乙烯醇(PVA)制备活细胞固定化载体,并将喹啉降解菌Ochrobactrum sp.LC-1固定。X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析结果表明,ZnONPs均匀地分布在PVA内部孔隙表面,强化了对细菌及喹啉的吸附效果,且载体内部有大量孔隙支持细菌生长。喹啉生物降解结果表明,固定化细胞喹啉氧化还原酶(Qor)活性是游离细胞的1.7倍,喹啉降解能力大大增强。固定化细胞经驯化后,在喹啉起始质量浓度500 mg/L的条件下,10 h后,固定化细胞喹啉降解率为99.8%,远高于游离细胞的43.2%。当喹啉质量浓度为600~800 mg/L时,固定化细胞对喹啉的降解率可稳定在95%以上,固定化细胞重复利用30次后,喹啉降解率仍维持在94.9%以上,表现出良好的机械耐受强度,可应用于实际生产。     

Effect of selenium on mercury methylation in facultative lake sediments

The effect of selenium (Na₂SeO₃) on the methylation of mercury (HgCl₂) in facultative sediment was studied. The results showed that small amount of selenium (0.25 μg/g) added to the sediment could significantly reduce the net methylation rate of mercury. The more the selenium was added, the higher the inhibition effect was. These results made the addition of selenium to the aquatic systems more practical and safe as a way to alleviate mercury accumulation in fish. Additionally, higher temperature was favorable to the net methylation of mercury, and high concentration of methylmercury emerged earlier.     

氧化乐果和毒死蜱混剂对大鼠雄性生殖功能的联合毒性

为探讨有机磷农药混合物对生物生殖毒性的影响,以模式动物Sprague- Dawley (SD)大鼠为实验材料,采用亚慢性染毒动物实验,利用3×3析因实验设计方法研究了常见有机磷农药——氧化乐果和毒死蜱的联合雄性生殖毒性效应及机理。结果表明：氧化乐果和毒死蜱联合染毒60 d后,附睾系数增加,精子数量和精子活力降低,联合作用呈现协同效应(p<0.05);混配农药能降低睾丸标志酶乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)的活力,对LDH、ACP、γ-GT的联合作用表现为协同作用(p<0.05);混配农药能增加睾丸中促卵泡生成激素(FSH)含量,降低睾酮(T)含量,联合作用表现为协同作用(p<0.05)。通过组织病理学观察,氧化乐果和毒死蜱混合物能引起曲细精管的萎缩、畸形精子增多、生精细胞坏死、胞浆溶解和线粒体空泡化;支持细胞数量减少,出现坏死,精子从支持细胞上脱落,基底膜脱落等损伤。氧化乐果和毒死蜱对大鼠的联合生殖毒性为协同效应,混合后有明显的增毒作用;对睾丸标志酶(LDH、ACP、γ-GT)活力及睾丸性激素水平(FSH、T)的协同影响,是产生联合生殖毒性的机理之一。以上结果提示,对氧化乐果和毒死蜱进行环境健康风险评价时应考虑这种协同作用。