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41.
42.
Herons (Ardeidae) frequently breed in inland forests and provide organic material in the form of carcasses of prey (that they drop) and chicks (that die) to the forest floor. Such allochthonous inputs of organic materials are known to increase arthropod populations in forests. However, the exact species that show numerical responses to allochthonous inputs in heron breeding colonies remains unclear. Very few studies have clarified which factors determine numerical responses in individual species. We used pitfall and baited traps to compare the densities of arthropods between forest patches in heron breeding colonies (five sites) and areas outside of colonies (five sites) in central Japan. The density of all arthropods was not significantly different between colonies and non-colony areas. However, significant differences between colonies and non-colony areas were found in four arthropod groups. Earwigs (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae), hister beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae), and carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) were more abundant in colonies, while ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were less abundant in colonies. We detected numerical responses to heron breeding in two earwig, one histerid, five silphid, and one ant species. Chick and prey carcasses from herons may have directly led to increases in consumer populations such as earwigs, histerids, and silphids in colonies, while microenvironmental changes caused by heron breeding may have reduced ant abundance. In the Silphidae, five species showed numerical responses to allochthonous inputs, and the other two species did not. Numerical responses in individual species may have been determined by life history traits such as reproductive behaviour. 相似文献
43.
Yukihiro Ikeda 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2012,14(3):202-205
A questionnaire survey was conducted with the aim of examining the problems involved in the disposal of infectious waste at home-visit nursing stations and in its handling during home visits by nurses. From among the home-visit nursing stations registered with the National Association for Home-Visit Nursing Care, 1,965 offices were selected at random and questionnaires were sent to the selected offices. Nurses at 1,314 offices (66.9?%) responded to the survey and responses from 1,283 offices were identified as suitable for analysis after excluding 26 offices that closed and five offices whose main field of care was psychiatry. Offices were classified by management configuration. Offices attached to hospitals were classified as “attached office” and all others were classified as “independent office”. More attached office nurses recovered medical waste from patients’ homes than did independent office nurses. They were also more likely to transport waste with them during the course of a day’s visits. There was a significant difference between attached and independent offices in the burden of expense for waste disposal. Both offices have strong concern about waste treatment containers and handling in improvement in home medical care (HMC) waste disposal. Thus, in order to alleviate these concerns, it is necessary to provide nurses with containers for medical waste suited to home-visit nursing care and tools for preventing injuries. Japanese government should address HMC waste disposal more comprehensively through necessary legislation, subsidization and standardization. 相似文献
44.
The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of seven new aryl fluoroalkyl ethers--four bis-4-tetrafluoroethoxyphenyl-type (bis-type) compounds and three mono-4-tetrafluoroethoxyphenyl-type (mono-type) compounds--were obtained by bioconcentration tests using common carp. The BCFs of 4 of the 7 ethers were higher than 5000, indicating their high bioconcentration potential. The bioconcentration characteristics of the bis-type compounds were different from those of the mono-type compounds and non-fluoro diphenylmethanes with a similar skeleton structure to the bis-type compounds, in taking longer to reach a plateau and having a slower elimination rate and in their distribution patterns in the fish body. The BCF of 1 bis-type compound was much higher than the value predicted by an accepted correlation equation between BCF and P(ow). In addition, the logP(ow) of the bis-type compounds calculated by commercially available computer software was remarkably different from that measured. 相似文献
45.
Respiration rates and elemental composition (carbon and nitrogen) were determined for four dominant oncaeid copepods (Triconia borealis, Triconia canadensis, Oncaea grossa and Oncaea parila) from 0–1,000 m depth in the western subarctic Pacific. Across the four species of which dry weight (DW) varied from 2.0
to 32 μg, respiration rates measured at in situ temperature (3°C) increased with DW, ranging from 0.84 to 7.4 nl O2 individual−1 h−1. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) composition of the four oncaeid species ranged from 49–57% of DW and 7.0–10.3% of DW, respectively,
and the resultant C:N ratios were 4.8–8.3. The high C contents and C:N ratios were reflected by large accumulation of lipids
in their body. Specific respiration rates (SR, a fraction of body C respired per day) ranged between 0.5 and 1.3% day−1. Respiration rates adjusted to a body size of 1 mg body N (i.e. adjusted metabolic rates, AMR) of the four oncaeid species
[0.6–1.1 μl O2 (mg body N)−0.8 h−1 at 3°C] were significantly lower than those (1.7–5.1) reported in the literature for oithonid and calanoid copepods at the
same temperature. The present results indicate that lower metabolic expenditure due to less active swimming (pseudopelagic
life mode) together with rich energy reserve in the body (as lipids) are the characters of oncaeid copepods inhabiting in
the epi- and mesopelagic zones of this region. 相似文献
46.
Vertical distribution and population structure of Neocalanus cristatus were investigated at Site H in the Oyashio region from September 1996 through October 1997 to evaluate their life cycle mode.
Additional temporary samplings were also made at several stations covering the entire subarctic Pacific, Okhotsk Sea and Japan
Sea, as a basis for regional comparison of life cycles of this species. At Site H, N. cristatus spawned throughout the year below 500 m depth, with a peak from October to December. The resulting eggs and nauplii floated/migrated
upward, and formed an abundance peak of Copepodite Stage 1 (C1) in the surface layer in February. In the surface layer, the
C1 developed and reached C5 by early June through a phytoplankton bloom which occurred in mid-March to end of June. The C5
migrated to deeper layers in July and August, where they molted to adults. Apparently, the developmental time from C5 to adults
was highly variable (>1 month), and some might overwinter. The life cycle of N. cristatus appeared to be annual for the major portion of the population. Taking into account sampling season, temporal changes in vertical
distribution and population structure data collected from regions other than Site H, there was a close correlation in the
timing of the life cycle over the entire subarctic Pacific, but the reproduction season (April to June) was observed to be
different in the Okhotsk and Japan Sea populations. Regional comparison of prosome length of C5 individuals, including those
in the Bering Sea, indicated significantly larger sizes of specimens from the Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea, as compared with
those from the entire subarctic Pacific. Possible causes for regional variability in life cycle patterns and body sizes are
discussed.
Received: 18 December 1998 / Accepted: 19 April 1999 相似文献
47.
Kazuyo Yamaji Kohei Ikeda Hitoshi Irie Jun–ichi Kurokawa Toshimasa Ohara 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(4):436-444
NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) over East Asia in June and December 2007 were simulated by the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) version 4.7.1 using an updated and more elaborate version of the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2. The modeling system could reasonably capture observed spatiotemporal changes of NO2 VCDs by satellite sensors, the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY), and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), even at the coarsest horizontal resolution of 80 km. The CMAQ simulations were performed in a sequence of three horizontal resolutions (80 km, 40 km, and 20 km) for June and December 2007 to investigate the influence of changes of horizontal resolution on the obtained NO2 VCDs. CMAQ-simulated NO2 VCDs generally increased with improvements in resolution from 80 km to 40 km and then to 20 km. Increases in the CMAQ-simulated NO2 VCDs were greater for the change from 80 km to 40 km than for those from 40 km and 20 km, in which the increases of NO2 VCDs due to the improvement of horizontal resolution were approached convergence at the horizontal resolution of approximately 20 km. Conversely, no clear convergences in NO2 VCDs changes were found at near Tokyo and over the East China Sea. The biases of the NO2 VCDs simulated at a resolution of 20 km against the satellite retrievals were ~36% near Beijing (CHN1) and ~78% near Shanghai (CHN2) in summer; these errors were found to be comparable to the horizontal resolution-dependent errors, which were 18–25% at CHN1 and 44–58% at CHN2 from 80 km to 40 km. Conversely, the influence of changes of horizontal resolution in winter was relatively less compared to that in summer.
Implications: NO2 VCDs over East Asia in June and December 2007 were simulated using CMAQ version 4.7.1 and REAS version 2. The modeling system could reasonably capture observed spatiotemporal changes of NO2 VCDs by satellite sensors. The CMAQ simulations were performed in a sequence of three horizontal resolutions, 80, 40, and 20 km, to investigate the influence of changes of horizontal resolution on the obtained NO2 VCDs. The results suggested that the influence of changes of horizontal resolution was larger in summer compared to that in winter. The magnitude of the influence was comparable to the biases of the NO2 VCDs simulated at a resolution of 20 km against the satellite retrievals. 相似文献
48.
Kohei Ikeda Kazuyo Yamaji Yugo Kanaya Fumikazu Taketani Xiaole Pan Yuichi Komazaki 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(4):445-452
The authors analyze the sensitivities of source regions in East Asia to PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm) concentration at Fukue Island located in the western part of Japan by using a regional chemical transport model with emission sensitivity simulations for the year 2010. The temporal variations in PM2.5 concentration are generally reproduced, but the absolute concentration is underestimated by the model. Chemical composition of PM2.5 in the model is compared with filter sampling data in spring; simulated sulfate, ammonium, and elemental carbon are consistent with observations, but mass concentration of particulate organic matters is underestimated. The relative contribution from each source region shows the seasonal variation, especially in summer. The contribution from central north China (105°E–124°E, 34°N–42°N) accounts for 50–60% of PM2.5 at Fukue Island except in summer; it significantly decreases in summer (18%). Central south China (105°E–123°E, 26°N–34°N) has the relative contribution of 15–30%. The contribution from the Korean Peninsula is estimated at about 10% except in summer. The domestic contribution accounts for about 7% in spring and autumn and increases to 19% in summer. We also estimate the relative contribution to daily average concentration in high PM2.5 days (>35 μg m?3). Central north China has a significant contribution of 60–70% except in summer. The relative contribution from central south China is estimated at 46% in summer and about 30% in the other seasons. The contributions from central north and south China on high PM2.5 days are generally larger than those of their seasonal mean contributions. The domestic contribution is smaller than the seasonal mean value in every season; it is less than 10% even in summer. These model results suggest that foreign anthropogenic sources have a substantial impact on attainment of the atmospheric environmental standard of Japan at Fukue Island.
Implications: The contribution from several source regions in East Asia to PM2.5 concentration at Fukue Island, a remote island located in the western part of Japan and close to the Asian continent, is estimated using a three-dimensional chemical transport model. The model results suggest that PM2.5 that is attributed to foreign anthropogenic sources have a larger contribution than that of domestic pollution and have a substantial impact on attainment of the atmospheric environmental standard of Japan at Fukue Island. 相似文献
49.