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171.
Fatty acid evidence for the importance of myctophid fishes in the diet of king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We tested the usefulness of the fatty acid signature-method in investigating the diet of seabirds in conjunction with the
conventional technique of stomach-content analysis. We compared the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous white adipose tissue
(SWAT) of king penguin chicks (Aptenodytes patagonicus) during fattening periods to that of total lipids from their food. In both spring and autumn, the fatty acid composition
of chick SWAT was identical to that of the dietary lipids. Because the diet of adult king penguins feeding for self-maintenance
(i.e. not for their chicks) was essentially unknown, we subsequently analysed their SWAT fatty acid patterns after premolting
and prebreeding foraging trips (during which they build up large energy reserves). The fatty acid composition of SWAT from
adults was identical to that of chick adipose tissue and food. King penguin diet and SWAT were characterized by high levels
of very long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids (20 to 24 carbon atoms, 16 to 23% by mass) and (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids (19 to 27%); these consisted mainly of 20:1n-9 (5 to 8%) and 22:1n-11 (5 to 8%), and 22:6n-3 (10 to 13%) and 20:5n-3 (3 to 9%), respectively. Prey items identified from chick stomach contents indicated that the bulk of the food was oceanic
myctophid fishes, mainly Electrona carlbergi, Krefftichthys anderssoni and Protomyctophum tenisoni. The fatty acid composition of four other species of myctophid fishes was similar to that of penguin diet and SWAT, but markedly
different from that measured for a squid species and that reported for crustaceans. These findings indicate that adult king
penguins prey on myctophid fish not only to feed their chicks but also for their own nutrition. The fatty acid signature-technique
is therefore a reliable method to gain information on the food and feeding ecology of seabirds when more conventional techniques
are of limited value. Such information is important to the understanding of trophic relationships between key species of the
ecosystems, and also to provide insight into the nature of avian adaptations to the marine environment.
Received: 11 December 1997 / Accepted: 25 July 1998 相似文献
172.
Oxidative injury and antioxidant genes regulation in cadmium-exposed radicles of six contrasted Medicago truncatula genotypes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
173.
Mathieu Muller Sihem Bouguelia Romy-Alice Goy Alison Yoris Jeanne Berlin Perrine Meche Vincent Rocher Sharon Mertens Yves Dudal 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(23):13642-13645
BOD5 dates back to 1912 when the Royal Commission decided to use the mean residence time of water in the rivers of England, 5 days, as a standard to measure the biochemical oxygen demand. Initially designed to protect the quality of river waters from extensive sewage discharge, the use of BOD5 has been quickly extended to waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) to monitor their efficiency on a daily basis. The measurement has been automatized but remains a tedious, time- and resource-consuming analysis. We have cross-validated a surrogate BOD5 method on two sites in France and in the USA with a total of 109 samples. This method uses a fluorescent redox indicator on a 96-well microplate to measure microbial catabolic activity for a large number of samples simultaneously. Three statistical tests were used to compare surrogate and reference methods and showed robust equivalence. 相似文献
174.
Angélique Lazartigues Damien Banas Cyril Feidt Jean Brun-Bellut Jean-Noël Gardeur Yves Le Roux Marielle Thomas 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(1):126-135
Purpose
The quality of fish produced in ponds needs to be ensured. Indeed, pond is often strongly connected to an agricultural watershed, and pesticides are a main health and environmental issue of concern. In this context, the purpose of this study is to highlight the management practices which could impact the pesticide contamination profiles in edible fish and to give recommendations for better practices.Methods
A principal component analysis, coupled to a hierarchical cluster analysis, was performed to evaluate temporal evolution of contamination profiles and to assess variability among fish species and among sites according to watershed characteristics. The explicative variables correspond to muscular concentrations of pesticides (azoxystrobin, clomazone, diflufenican, carbendazim, isoproturon, metazachlor, napropamid) in three species of fish (Perca fluviatilis, Cyprinus carpio and Rutilus rutilus), caught in five ponds during two sampling campaigns. Management data are added variables in order to discuss about parameters suspected to be implicated in the contamination profiles recorded.Results
This work shows that high amounts of pesticides applied, short crop rotation durations and bare soil practices led to contamination of sediments and fish and were associated to a “bad” management of watershed. Breeding fish that had low masses and establishing the fishing period at the end of winter seemed to be “bad” management of pond. Aggravating topological parameters were big watershed coupled to small pond and high proportions of sand soils in the watershed.Conclusions
Reducing amounts of pesticide used (e.g. policy agency plans, farmer acceptance), favouring long-term rotations and inter-cultures, adapting pond creation and fish farming practices to watershed management and topography all could reduce pesticide levels in edible fish and contribute to a better sustainability of the extensive fish farming in pond. 相似文献175.
Diversity shift in bacterial phenol hydroxylases driven by alkyl-phenols in oil refinery wastewaters
Harzallah Besma Bousseboua Hacène Jouanneau Yves 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(16):14376-14386
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Phenol hydroxylases (PHs) play a primary role in the bacterial degradation of phenol and alkylphenols. They are divided into two main classes,... 相似文献
176.
Coexistence of oceanic predators on wintering areas explained by population-scale foraging segregation in space or time 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ecological niche theory predicts segregation mechanisms that mitigate potential competition between closely related organisms. However, little is known outside the breeding season, when central-place foraging animals may move on larger scales. This study tested for segregation mechanisms within the same 2007 inter-breeding period on three neighboring populations of avian predators from the southern Indian Ocean: Eastern Rockhopper Penguins Eudyptes filholi from Crozet and Kerguelen and Northern Rockhopper Penguins E. moseleyi from Amsterdam. Using state-of-the-art geolocation tracking and stable isotope analysis techniques, we quantified and compared the ecological niches in time, space, and diet. The three populations showed large-scale movements over deep oceanic waters near the Subantarctic Front, with generally little individual variation. The two neighboring populations of Eastern Rockhopper Penguins showed strikingly distinct distribution in space, while foraging in similar habitats and at the same trophic level (crustacean-eaters). In contrast, Northern Rockhoppers showed marked spatial overlap with birds of the sibling Eastern species, but their temporal delay of two months enabled them to effectively avoid significant overlap. Our results highlight parsimonious mechanisms of resource partitioning operating at the population level that may explain how animals from neighboring localities can coexist during the nonbreeding period. 相似文献
177.
178.
Philippe Calmon Yves Thiry Gregor Zibold Aino Rantavaara Sergei Fesenko 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Compared to agricultural lands, forests are complex ecosystems as they can involve diverse plant species associations, several vegetative strata (overstorey, shrubs, herbaceous and other annual plant layer) and multi-layered soil profiles (forest floor, hemi-organic and mineral layers). A high degree of variability is thus generally observed in radionuclide transfers and redistribution patterns in contaminated forests. In the long term, the soil compartment represents the major reservoir of radionuclides which can give rise to long-term plant and hence food contamination. For practical reasons, the contamination of various specific forest products has commonly been quantified using the aggregated transfer factor (Tag in m2 kg−1) which integrates various environmental parameters including soil and plant type, root distribution as well as nature and vertical distribution of the deposits. Long lasting availability of some radionuclides was shown to be the source of much higher transfer in forest ecosystems than in agricultural lands. This study aimed at reviewing the most relevant quantitative information on radionuclide transfers to forest biota including trees, understorey vegetation, mushrooms, berries and game animals. For both radiocaesium and radiostrontium in trees, the order of magnitude of mean Tag values was 10−3 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). Tree foliage was usually 2–12 times more contaminated than trunk wood. Maximum contamination of tree components with radiocaesium was associated with (semi-)hydromorphic areas with thick humus layers. The transfer of radionuclides to mushrooms and berries is high, in comparison with foodstuffs grown in agricultural systems. Concerning caesium uptake by mushrooms, the transfer is characterized by a very large variability of Tag, from 10−3 to 101 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). For berries, typical values are around 0.01–0.1 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). Transfer of radioactive caesium to game animals and reindeer and the rate of activity reduction, quantified as an ecological half-life, reflect the soil and pasture conditions at individual locations. Forests in temperate and boreal regions differ with respect to soil type and vegetation, and a faster decline of muscle activity concentrations in deer occurs in the temperate zone. However, in wild boar the caesium activity concentration shows no decline because of its special feeding habits. In the late phase, i.e. at least a few months since the external radionuclide contamination on feed plants has been removed, a Tag value of 0.01 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) is common for 137Cs in the muscles of adult moose and terrestrial birds living in boreal forests, and 0.03 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) for arctic hare. Radiocaesium concentrations in reindeer muscle in winter may exceed the summer content by a factor of more than two, the mean Tag values for winter ranging from 0.02 to 0.8 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight), and in summer from 0.04 to 0.4 m2 kg−1. The highest values are found in the year of initial contamination, followed by a gradual reduction. In waterfowl a relatively fast decline in uptake of 137Cs has been found, with Tag values changing from 0.01 to 0.002 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) in the three years after the contaminating event, the rate being determined by the dynamics of 137Cs in aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
179.
Integration of toxicological and chemical tools to assess the bioavailability of metals and energetic compounds in contaminated soils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bioavailability is critical for understanding effects that might result from exposure of biota to contaminated soils. Soils from military range and training areas (RTAs) are contaminated principally by energetic materials (EM) and metals. Their chemical characteristics are relatively well known and toxicity assessment of soils from RTAs are in some cases available. However, bioavailability on these sites needs to be comprehensively characterized. A holistic approach to bioavailability, incorporating both chemical and earthworm toxicological indicators, was applied to soils from an anti-tank firing range at a Canadian Forces Base. Results showed that HMX and the metals Zn, Pb, Bi and Cd, though not consistently the prevailing toxicants, were the most accessible to earthworms. Some metals (notably Cu, Zn, Cr and Bi) were also accumulated in earthworm tissue but those were not necessarily expected given their bioaccessibility (i.e., the chemical availability of contaminants in the environment for the organisms) at the beginning of the exposure. The tested soils impaired earthworm reproduction and reduced adult growth. Measurement of selected sublethal parameters indicated that lysosomal integrity (determined as the neutral red retention time--NRRT) was decreased, while elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity suggested that earthworms experienced oxidative stress. The correspondence between the NRRT and metal contamination pattern suggested that metals may be the main cause of lysosomal disruption in EM-contaminated soils. The approach to bioavailability appraisal adopted in this case appears to be a promising practice for site-specific assessment of contaminated land. 相似文献
180.
John W. Andrews Pierre Bonnifay Bernard J. Cha Yves Barthel Andre Deschamps Sigismund Frankowiak 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):664-667
The body of information of this paper is directed to those individuals charged with selecting a process to control atmospheric sulfur emissions from Claus plants serving refineries, gas processing installations, and chemical plants. The TGT process developed by the French Petroleum Institute (IFP) is an extension of the Claus reaction itself in the liquid phase. Mixed H2S and SO2 in tail gas from Claus units is fed to a packed tower in which a solution of proprietary catalyst in a high BP polyglycol circulates countercurrent to the gas flow. The mixed gases react with the catalyst to form a complex, which in turn reacts with more gases to produce elemental sulfur. Reaction temperature keeps the sulfur above its melting point. Product accumulates in the boot of the tower and is drawn off continuously through a seal leg. The IFP TGT process is simple in design and units have simple construction, characterized by use of low carbon steel and the use of very few pieces of equipment. Of all processes used today to take effluent sulfur values down to 1000 ppm SO2 after incineration, the IFP TGT process requires the least capital investment and the lowest operating costs. Twenty-six full scale plants are operating or under design or construction: nine each in the U.S. and Japan, five in the U.S.S.R. and Poland, two in western Europe and one in Canada. Capacities of the Claus plants served range from 45 to 800 Lt/d sulfur. 相似文献