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961.
C. Chambon A. Legeay G. Durrieu P. Gonzalez P. Ciret J. -C. Massabuau 《Marine Biology》2007,152(2):329-338
The aim of this study was to investigate how the worm Polydora sp., which induces oysters into creating mud blisters in response to an irritation within their shells, could interfere with
the oyster Crassostrea gigas physiology and ethology. The impact was characterized by studying two groups of oysters (non-parasitized and parasitized)
during a 30 days period: (1) the animal behaviour by analysing their valve activity (valvometry), and (2) the animal respiratory
physiology by measuring in vivo the oxygen partial pressure and the specific oxygen consumption in selected tissues (heart,
fast and slow adductor muscle). We also researched a putative impact on the expression of several oxidative stress genes at
the heart level. Our results show that Polydora sp. is clearly an oyster’s parasite as it induces a decrease in oyster growth according to the infestation intensity. Moreover,
it modifies the behaviour and the respiratory physiology of the molluscs. Infested animals opened more frequently but for
less time and their level of blood oxygenation was systematically higher than healthy molluscs. These high levels of oxygenation
had no effect on the oxidative metabolism of the tissues studied but they induced oxidative stress. Indeed, the superoxide
dismutase gene showed a threefold increase in expression in the heart of infested oysters. A putative scenario of the weakening
mechanism is proposed. 相似文献
962.
A. Triantafyllidis I. Leonardos I. Bista I. D. Kyriazis M. Th. Stoumboudi I. Kappas F. Amat T. J. Abatzopoulos 《Marine Biology》2007,152(5):1159-1167
The purpose of this study was to determine the phylogeographic structure of the brackish-hypersaline cyprinodont fish Aphanius fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1821), using sequencing and RFLP analysis of a 1,330 bp mitochondrial DNA segment containing part of the 16S
rRNA gene as well as the genes for tRNA-Leu, NADH subunit 1 and tRNA-Ile. Individuals were collected from 13 different sites
in Greece and Turkey, while seven published A. fasciatus sequences were also included to cover the area of distribution of the species. Pairwise sequence divergence values ranged
from 0 to 4.51%. Congruent phylogenies were recovered with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and neighbour-joining methods.
All analyses revealed two main groups. The first group consists of populations from almost all localities that drain into
the Aegean Sea. The second group comprises the remaining population samples, which in some cases seem to consist of population-specific
subgroups. Our results show that vicariant events have predominantly affected the evolution of A. fasciatus, with the Messinian salinity crisis having shaped the present genetic structure of its populations. Additionally, the life-history
traits of the species, which determine a low potential for dispersal, coupled with the typical fragmentation of brackish-hypersaline
water habitats have led to a high degree of isolation of A. fasciatus populations, even at restricted spatial scales. Analysis of the partitioning of the total amount of polymorphism with analyses
of molecular variance (AMOVA) gave a value of F
ST = 84.6%. Potential conservation policies concerning A. fasciatus should also consider the low-genetic variability in the majority of its populations and the presence of fixed haplotypes
in some of them. 相似文献
963.
A swarm of honeybees provides a striking example of an animal group performing a synchronized departure for a new location;
in this case, thousands of bees taking off at once to fly to a new home. However, the means by which this is achieved remain
unclear. Shortly before takeoff, one hears a crescendo of a high-pitched mechanical signal—worker piping—so we explored the
role of this signal in coordinating a swarm’s mass takeoff. Specifically, we examined whether exclusively nest site scouts
produce the worker piping signal or whether it is produced in a relay or chain reaction fashion. We found no evidence that
bees other than the scouts that have visited the swarm’s chosen nest site produce piping signals. This absence of relay communication
in piping suggests that it is a signal that only primes swarms for takeoff and that the release of takeoff is triggered by
some other signal or cue; perhaps the takeoff of bees on the swarm periphery as they reach flight temperature in response
to piping. 相似文献
964.
The littoral fringe beachflea Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) is a seasonal breeder over much of its range. Previous studies indicated that temperature was the most important
factor initiating breeding while photoperiod appeared inconsequential. We tested the effect of temperature by comparing two
populations at non-thermal sites with two populations at thermal sites in Iceland. At the non-thermal sites the species is
probably close to its lower temperature tolerance limits, while potentially able to choose optimal temperatures at all times
of the year at the thermal sites. The species was a seasonal breeder at all sites, but the breeding season started 2–3 months
earlier at thermal sites. Breeding ended at about the same time at all sites. We conclude that photoperiod probably governs
breeding season under constant thermal conditions, and this is also supported by observations on laboratory stocks. At the
thermal sites the animals became sexually mature in a year or less, as is the case where the species has been studied at lower
latitudes, while at the non-thermal sites Icelandic animals, apparently uniquely, need 2 years to become sexually mature. 相似文献
965.
Glenn T. Crossin Scott G. Hinch Steven J. Cooke David W. Welch Sonia D. Batten David A. Patterson Glen Van Der Kraak J. Mark Shrimpton Anthony P. Farrell 《Marine Biology》2007,152(4):905-918
Adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, N = 179) from six Fraser River populations (British Columbia) were intercepted in continental shelf waters ∼215 km from the
Fraser River mouth, gastrically implanted with acoustic transmitters, non-lethally biopsied for blood biochemistry, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and somatic energy density and then released. Migration behaviour and travel times to the river mouth and
into the river were monitored by underwater telemetry receivers positioned at the river mouth and in the river. Post-release
survival of salmon was excellent, with 84% (N = 150) of fish reaching the furthest receiving station ∼85 km upriver. Fish from Late-summer run populations (Adams and Weaver
Creek) averaged a migration rate of ∼20 km day−1 through the marine area and held at the river mouth and adjacent areas for 7–9 days before entering the river. Summer-run
populations (Birkenhead, Chilko, Horsefly and Stellako) had a migration rate ∼33 km day−1 and held for only 1–3 days. Once in river, similar patterns were observed: Late-run populations migrated at ∼28 km day−1 and Summer-run populations at ∼40 km day−1. From point of release to the river mouth, males migrated faster than females, but once in river migration rates did not
differ between sexes. Among all females, a correlation was discovered between levels of circulating testosterone and river
entry timing. This correlation was not observed among males. Plasma K+, Cl−, glucose, lactate and osmolality were also correlated with entry timing in both sexes. 相似文献
966.
In this study we report the abundance, fecundity and an index of the relative survival of Oithona similis (nauplii to copepodites) across a large latitudinal and temperature range within the Southern Ocean. The abundance of O. similis was strongly related to temperature and to depth-integrated (0–100 m) chlorophyll a, abundance increasing with increasing temperature (and therefore decreasing latitude) and Chl a. In situ egg production rates and fecundity per female were also significantly and positively related to temperature and
Chl a. Egg hatch times rapidly lengthen as temperature decreases and in sac spawning species the next batch of eggs cannot be produced
until the previous clutch hatch. Consequently, we predict that in O. similis, fecundity must decline rapidly at low temperatures, especially below 5°C. A model comparing maximum rates of fecundity with
in situ data suggested production rates were strongly food limited across our study region. However, the relationship of in
situ and maximum rates to temperature were similar, confirming the importance of temperature. Further, as time taken to develop
from egg to adult also rapidly extends with declining temperature, it is increasingly unlikely that O. similis will be able to maintain its population against mortality. Our findings have broad implications for the cold temperature
(and hence geographic) limits of O. similis, but also for the distribution of other sac spawning copepods and planktonic species generally. 相似文献
967.
We studied sampling behaviour and mate choice in the fiddler crab Uca mjoebergi. Once a female selects a mate, she copulates in his burrow and remains there until releasing her aquatic larvae. U. mjoebergi occurs in habitats that are inundated only by the highest amplitude spring tides. Females can only release their larvae during
these tides, and release before or after will result in complete failure of reproductive effort. Matings occur over a 5-day
period near the end of neap tides. Our results suggest that within the mating period, females adjust their larval developmental
rates by selecting specific burrows in which to incubate their clutches. We found that at the start of the mating period,
females chose larger males as mates. Since male size was positively correlated to burrow width, females were selecting wide
burrows and effectively incubating at lower temperatures. This would slow down the developmental rates of larvae. In contrast,
females that mated late in the mating period selectively chose small males. By incubating in narrower, warmer burrows, these
females may increase the developmental rates of larvae. We propose that females are selecting burrows to influence incubation
rate and ensure timely release of their larvae. Female U. mjoebergi appear to adjust their preference for the direct benefits of mate choice to increase their reproductive success. 相似文献
968.
Pelagic snake pipefish, Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758), occurred regularly in plankton catches that were conducted in areas off the shelf during the German 2004
mackerel and horse mackerel egg survey. Out of a total of 196 plankton hauls 57 tows yielded 112 specimens of adult snake
pipefish with a total length between 15.0 and 35.2 cm. A proportion of 56.3% were egg-carrying males. Also seven recently
released juveniles were caught indicating that off shore reproduction in this species starts much earlier than in the inshore
habitat. 相似文献
969.
Piyamas Nanork Siriwat Wongsiri Benjamin P. Oldroyd 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(10):1509-1514
Honey bee workers are able to distinguish queen-laid eggs from worker-laid eggs, and remove (‘police’) worker-laid eggs. The
cue that police workers use is as yet unidentified but is likely to be a chemical signal. This signal benefits queens for
it ensures their reproductive monopoly. It also benefits collective workers because it allows them to raise more closely related
queen-laid males than the less-related sons of half sisters. Because both parties benefit from the egg-marking signal, it
should be stable over evolutionary time. We show that Apis mellifera workers can distinguish queen-laid from worker-laid eggs of the dwarf honey bee A. florea, a phylogenetically distant species that diverged from the A. mellifera lineage 6–10 mya. However, A. mellifera workers are unable to distinguish worker-laid eggs of A. cerana, a much more recent divergence (2–3 mya). The apparent change in the egg-marking signal used by A. cerana may be associated with the high rates of ovary activation in this species. 相似文献
970.
Parameters derived from photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) models, although often empirical in nature, are useful indicators of the photoadaptive state of phytoplankton in culture and in situ. However objective criteria for determining significant changes in P-I curves are rarely provided, because confidence intervals for parameters of non-linear models are not estimated easily. Examination of least-squares residuals in parameter space and Monte Carlo approaches have been used to estimate confidence regions around parameter values, but the computationally intensive nature of these methods has prevented their routine application. We present an alternative method of estimating confidence intervals for parameters of P-I curves that runs quickly on a microcomputer and is easily combined with common parameter-estimation routines. This algorithm was tested using a 3-parameter P-I model and curves describing a wide range of photoadaptive states, with different numbers of observations and different amounts of inherent variability. The method produced results comparable to the Monte Carlo technique. This analysis makes it possible to specify the sample size required to define parameters with acceptable confidence as a function of data variance and photoadaptive state. In most reasonable situations, 25 observations are sufficient. 相似文献