Water mass interaction in the confluence zone of the Daning River and the Yangtze River—a driving force for algal growth in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Increasing eutrophication and algal bloom events in the Yangtze River Three Gorges Reservoir, China, are widely discussed with regard to changed hydrodynamics and nutrient transport and distribution processes. Insights into water exchange and interaction processes between water masses related to large-scale water level fluctuations in the reservoir are crucial to understand water quality and eutrophication dynamics. Therefore, confluence zones of tributaries with the Yangtze River main stream are dedicated key interfaces. In this study, water quality data were recorded in situ and on-line in varying depths with the MINIBAT towed underwater multi-sensor system in the confluence zone of the Daning River and the Yangtze River close to Wushan City during 1 week in August 2011. Geostatistical evaluation of the water quality data was performed, and results were compared to phosphorus contents of selective water samples. The strongly rising water level throughout the measurement period caused Yangtze River water masses to flow upstream into the tributary and supply their higher nutrient and particulate loads into the tributary water body. Rapid algal growth and sedimentation occurred immediately when hydrodynamic conditions in the confluence zone became more serene again. Consequently, water from the Yangtze River main stream can play a key role in providing nutrients to the algal bloom stricken water bodies of its tributaries.     

不锈钢烧结纤维毡外加粉体助剂过滤烟尘微粒

为了解决不锈钢烧结纤维毡对柴油机微粒过滤效率不高及其黏附堵塞问题,提出了不锈钢烧结纤维毡外加粉体助剂过滤烟尘的新方法。用不同过滤精度(5～30μm)的不锈钢烧结纤维毡片,覆盖不同厚度(0.5～3 mm)的粉体层,对由发烟剂燃烧产生的烟尘(D50=0.183μm)进行了过滤实验,用welas3000气溶胶粒径谱仪测试过滤前后的烟尘浓度,得到了不同情况下的过滤效率及分级效率。实验结果表明,粉体粒径、厚度、过滤气速及时间对过滤效率影响都很大,在滤速3 m/min、粉体粒径200～250目及厚度1.5 mm时,初始过滤效率高达95.746%,30 min后过滤效率上升到98.499%,300min内过滤效率基本保持在98%以上。     

Nutrients removal and recovery by crystallization of magnesium ammonium phosphate from synthetic swine wastewater

With synthetic swine wastewater, lab-scale batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pH value, magnesium dosage, calcium and carbonate concentrations on magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization. The morphology of the precipitates obtained was observed by using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and the composition of the precipitates was analyzed with X-ray diffraction. The results show that the optimum pH value for MAP crystallization is in the range of 9.5-10.5; the phosphorus removal efficiency increases with the increase of Mg/P molar ratio; the optimum Mg/P molar ratio is 1.4, and excessive Mg dosage does not show significant effect on the efficiency improvement of MAP crystallization; the co-existing of Ca in solution disturbs the morphology and purity of the MAP product, and amorphous calcium phosphate will form when Ca increases to a certain concentration; CO3(2-) can affect the P removal efficiency, but does not obviously affect the morphology and purity of MAP.     

纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子的制备及吸附性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子。应用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）和振动样品磁强计（VSM）等对纳米磁性粒子的粒径、结构、形貌、磁性能进行了表征,进行了磁分离沉降性能和腐殖酸吸附去除实验研究。结果表明：在未添加任何分散剂的条件下,制得的纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子主要呈球状,平均粒径约11nm,为典型的反尖晶石结构;饱和磁化强度、矫顽力和剩余磁化强度分别为73．10emu／g、159．2A／m和0．41emu／g;磁分离沉降速度为重力场的50倍;纳米Fe3O4磁性粒子对腐殖酸的吸附符合Langmuir型吸附等温线。     

探讨汽车制造、锅炉排污许可申请的问题与对策

2019年全面启动了汽车制造行业、锅炉行业排污许可证的申请与核发,在申请过程中出现诸多问题,应完善污染物排放标准体系,做到环境影响评价、污染物排放标准与排污许可有效衔接。为此,在文中通过对相关文件的查阅与分析,对当前汽车制造行业、锅炉两个行业排污许可证申请与核发进行分析。在此基础上,提出了环评与排污许可衔接的建议。为环评与排污许可的衔接提供借鉴。     

甘河着生藻类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2018年8月(丰水期),在嫩江支流甘河,调查了19个点位的着生藻类群落结构和水环境特征。并运用聚类分析、Mcnaughton优势度分析和IBD(biological diatom index,硅藻生物指数)3种方法研究了甘河着生硅藻群落结构和优势种清洁状况,使用主成分分析、Spearman相关分析和冗余分析等统计分析方法研究了甘河着生硅藻群落和环境因子的响应关系。结果表明:甘河共鉴定出着生藻类90种(属),以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,生物量丰富。丰水期甘河水生态环境质量状况较为健康,着生硅藻主要由清洁种构成,其中Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度0.48,为绝对优势种。聚类分析结果表明,甘河采样点位可分为3组;其中组1和组2点位主要位于甘河上、中游,上、中游水质、生境质量较好,健康程度较高,优势种均为清洁种,上游Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度达到了0.64;组3点位均位于甘河下游,下游人为干扰较强,健康程度较其余两组偏低,Nitzschia palea和Nitzschia paleaeformis等耐污种在组3的优势度较高。导致甘河着生硅藻群落清洁度由上游到下游逐渐变差的主要水环境因子为电导率、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,其中影响中游硅藻群落结构变化的主要水环境因子为高锰酸盐指数,影响下游硅藻群落结构变化的主要水环境因子为电导率和总磷。由此可见,着生硅藻群落可以较好的指示甘河流域水体有机污染程度和营养富集程度。     

德国水法发展对我国治水的借鉴意义

本文从深受欧盟水政策影响的德国水治理的历史发展和基础理念出发,对德国《水平衡管理法》的法规框架和总则进行了阐述、分析与比较。德国经验表明,在法治框架下,依可根据持续性原则,对水事进行综合治理。只有根据可持续性原则和通过法治,才能长期确保水安全,维护人与自然的和谐,保持水体清洁和维护生态平衡,确保当代及后代人的环境与发展权。水事综合治理原则不仅要通过协调水体使用与保护之间的关系,来调整环保在相对于经济和社会的传统不平衡地位,更要遵循自然水循环的本质特征。建议我国在《水污染防治法》的修订中,需要基于我国现实技术支撑的易操作制度,来实践可持续性原则和水事综合治理原则,强化法律间的协调。同时,还在立法技术上提出了若干建议。     

Emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases during combined pre-composting and vermicomposting of duck manure

Combined pre-composting and vermicomposting has shown potential for reclamation of solid wastes, which is a significant source of ammonia (NH₃), and greenhouse gases (GHG), including nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Earthworms and amendments may both affect physico-chemical characteristics that control gas-producing processes, and thus affect NH₃ and GHG emissions. Here, we used two-way ANOVA to test the effects of addition of reed straw and combined addition of reed straw and zeolite on NH₃ and GHG emissions during pre-composting of duck manure, either with or without a follow-up phase of vermicomposting. Results showed that cumulative N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emissions during pre-composting and vermicomposting ranged from 92.8, 5.8, and 260.6 mg kg^?1 DM to 274.2, 30.4, and 314.0 mg kg^?1 DM, respectively. Earthworms and amendments significantly decreased N₂O and CH₄ emissions. Emission of CO₂ was not affected by earthworms, but increased in responses to addition of reed straw. Cumulative NH₃ emission ranged from 3.0 to 8.1 g kg^?1 DM, and was significantly decreased by reed straw and zeolite addition. In conclusion, combined pre-composting and vermicomposting with reed straw and zeolite addition would be strongly recommended in mitigating emissions of N₂O, CH₄, and NH₃ from duck manure. Moreover, this method also provides nutrient-rich products that can be used as a fertilizer.     

重金属暴露铜锈环棱螺全组织均一化cDNA文库构建及表达序列标签特征分析

构建cDNA文库是寻找生物新功能基因的有效手段.采用SM ART技术构建了重金属铜和镉暴露铜锈环棱螺全组织均一化cDNA文库,文库库容为1.78×106克隆,重组率大于99%.从初始文库中随机挑取6000个克隆进行测序,获得5 473个高质量表达序列标签(ESTs)序列.经聚类分析得到3 961个Unigene(平均长...     

入海河口区水环境管理问题与对策

入海河口(简称“河口”)既是河流的终端又是海洋的起点,水动力特征、水质特征和水生态特征均既不同于近岸海域也不同于河流,对近岸海域水环境质量至关重要.自20世纪50年代以来,我国河口海岸管理工作经历了重大发展与变革,各涉海管理部门提供了一定的管理支撑,但也存在多个问题亟待解决.如多个功能区划作用于同一河口水域;咸淡水水质功能类别不一致,水质指标体系存在显著差别;重要河口水环境质量评价结果长期“一片红”,不能客观反映公众、地区及国家水质目标责任主体需求;未明确河口的管理范围,造成与《环境保护法》相应的管理措施无法相适应等问题.针对上述问题,并在详细分析河口生态环境特征的基础上,借鉴国际河口水环境管理经验,提出了科学划分河口水体单元并纳入流域管理;以河口为纽带,开展我国重点流域及海域水生态分区工作;协调多个标准在河口区域差异,同步考虑GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》和GB 3097—1997《海水水质标准》修订工作;陆海统筹,河海兼顾,充分发挥从山顶到海洋的营养盐控制策略等相关衔接建议.