退浆废水中聚乙烯醇的分析检测研究

建立了紫外可见分光光度法检测退浆废水中聚乙烯醇(PVA)含量的方法。以硼酸为介质,碘化钾—碘溶液为显色剂,检测波长为680 nm,测定退浆废水中PVA含量的线性方程为Y=0.018 8X+0.003 2,相关系数R2=0.999 3,平均加标回收率为97.6%;方法精密度(RSD=1.5%)、重现性(RSD=1.8%)均较好。该方法操作简单、准确度高、测定快速,适用于测定退浆废水中PVA的含量。     

环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用

随着环境问题日渐突出,地表灰尘重金属污染日益成为研究热点。单纯采用化学方法监测重金属污染具有一定局限性,环境磁学方法以其简便、快捷、经济且无害化的特点在城市重金属污染研究中广为应用。通过文献调研,综述环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用与研究进展,阐明重金属的主要来源,简述环境磁学的诸多参数,分析磁学参数与重金属的关系,并通过对比不同的磁学分析方法,探讨环境磁学方法在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势。     

多通道PM_(2.5)采样器的设计及与进口采样器比对测试

设计了多通道大气颗粒物采样器,可同时采集4个通道的PM_(2.5)样品,灵活配置采样通道的开启,每个通道单独设置质量流量计,采用闭环反馈技术,通过比例阀、流量传感器及流量控制板共同控制和校正采样流量,保证通道流量的稳定性。与单通道采样器(BGI PQ 200)进行了为期30 d的比对测试,结果表明,多通道采样器斜率、截距和相关系数均符合《环境空气颗粒物(PM10和PM_(2.5))采样器技术要求及检测方法》(HJ 93—2013)的要求,可满足实际应用需求。     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a sediment core from a maar lake, Northeast China: evidence in historical atmospheric deposition

A maar lake is an excellent ecosystem to study the atmospheric deposition of pollutants, as its contaminants are primarily by atmospheric deposition. In this study, a sediment core from Sihailongwan Maar Lake, Northeast China, was collected and the historical atmospherically deposited polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The concentrations of TPAHs (the sum of the US EPA proposed 16 priority PAHs, excluding naphthalene and pyrene) ranged from 473.9 to 2289 ng g(-1) with a slow increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments. The input rate of TPAHs, especially that of PAH(9) (the sum of fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)anthrathene, and benzo(ghi)perylene), correlated well to the Chinese historical socioeconomic data. This indicates that sediment PAHs were mainly derived from human activities and PAH(9) can be regarded as a better indicator of the local socioeconomic development. Source identification suggested that PAHs were originated primarily from mixed sources (e.g., coal and biomass burning and petroleum combustion), except for perylene which was mostly of diagenetic origin. In addition, the down-core PAHs profile clearly illustrated that PAHs sources in Northeast China experienced a transformation from low- and moderate temperature to high-temperature combustion processes, especially after the late 1980s. Additionally, an ecological risk assessment using two redefined biological thresholds (TEQ(ERL) and TEQ(ERM)) indicated that most of the PAHs measured in the present sediment core would not cause an immediate toxic effect; only FLU and PHEN are a potential source of concern for biological impairment.     

挥发性有机物污染土壤样品采样方法比较

以苯系物污染土壤样品的采集为例,比较了4种不同采样方法导致样品检测结果的差异。其中,方法 1将样品装填至广口瓶内并压实密封,方法2采用非扰动采样器采集10 g样品后转移至加有10 mL甲醇保护剂的Vial瓶中密封,方法 3用非扰动采样器采集10 g样品后直接将其密封于采样器内,方法 4用Encore采样器采样后将其密封于采样器内。结果表明,方法 2采集样品的检出率最高,其余3种方法的差异不明显,方法 2采集样品的检出结果 71%以上都大于其余3种方法。而且,对于挥发性较强的苯与甲苯,以方法 2采集的样品91%以上都大于其余3种方法,最大及平均检出浓度高出2~3个数量级。5种不同土质样品检测结果表明,对于有机质含量较低的细砂,方法2的最高及平均检出浓度均高于其余3种方法 1~3个数量级,差异随土壤有机质含量的升高而降低。可见,对于苯系物及挥发性强于苯系物的其他挥发性有机物污染土壤样品的采集,方法 2效果最优,可指定为VOCs污染场地土壤样品的采样方法。     

国内外空气污染指数的现状及发展趋势

针对中国目前使用的空气污染指数(Air Pollution Index,API)中存在的问题,通过比较国内外空气污染指数在基本概念、级别限值和等级划分等方面的区别,结合中国的实际情况,提出了增加监测指标、提高发布效率、优化统计模型等改进意见。     

“十一五”期间新疆大气降尘量时空分布特征及影响因素分析

通过对"十一五"期间新疆134个大气降尘监测点位数据进行统计分析发现,"十一五"期间,全疆年均降尘量维持在22.2~24.6 t/km2.月,变化幅度小于10%。一年内降尘主要集中在3~6月份,占全年降尘量的51%。在空间分布上,新疆年均降尘量呈现明显的南疆高于北疆的特征,南疆五地、州的总降尘量占全疆总降尘量的70.2%,为新疆降尘的主要集中区。特殊的气象、生态环境是决定新疆大气降尘时空分布特征的主要因素。     

Investigation of organic pollutants in wastewater-irrigated soil and its DNA damage and oxidative damage on mice

This work aimed to determine the DNA and oxidative damage on mice by mixtures of organic contaminants in wastewater-irrigated soil, in order to assess their usefulness as markers for this kind of pollution. Wastewater-irrigated soil samples in the vicinity of an industrial area in Tangshan, China were collected, and soil irrigated by underground water satisfying drinking water standards was used as control group. Organic pollutants were extracted from the soil using ultrasonic oscillation, and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Meanwhile, DNA damage on mice was determined by the Comet assay after oral gavage with the extracts, and changes in total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase glutathione, GSH peroxidase (GSH-P_X) activity and malondialdehyde content in serum of mice were investigated. The number of categories and concentrations of organic compounds in the wastewater-irrigated soil is more than those in groundwater-irrigated soil, as identified by the GC-MS. The toxicity test of mice showed that compared with reagent control group, the activities of T-SOD and GSH-P_X decreased; the tailing rate of peripheral blood lymphocyte of mice increased and was more than that of the control group. This shows that mammalian toxicity end points can be used to determine the joint toxicity of organic pollutants in soil. When there is no means to identify each and every pollutant in soil, it is feasible to evaluate the combined effects of various pollutants to determine the extent to which the soil is polluted.     

基于DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据的长江经济带城镇体系空间格局演变（1992～2013）

研究长江经济带城镇体系空间格局演变,对于透视长江经济带城镇体系空间格局演变特征和规律以及促进长江经济带城镇体系空间格局优化发展有着重要意义。利用多时相同期Landsat卫星数据以及运用聚类分析方法对长江经济带夜间灯光数据进行校正,并采用其他辅助数据法对比分析获取城镇建成区面积的阈值,在此阈值基础之上选取景观总面积、总斑块数量和聚集度指数等总共8个典型景观格局指标, 继而使用FRAG-STATS 4.2 软件对1992~2013年间长江经济带城镇发展的空间格局变化进行计算分析。研究结果表明：(1）1992~2013年间,长江经济带城镇化快速扩展,城镇建成区面积增加了9.68倍,斑块数量增加了2.39倍,斑块密度也得到较大的增加,反映出长江经济带城镇数量不断增加和城镇建成区面积不断扩大;（2）景观斑块形状复杂度逐渐上升,中小城市不断壮大,同时出现了较多的新兴小城镇,总边界长度和平均边界密度的年均增长速度分别为21.56%和21.58%,体现了长江经济带城镇间聚集度越来越高,相互影响也越来越大;(3）最大斑块指数和聚集度指数两个指标在整体上呈现出逐年下降的态势,但是景观总面积、总斑块数量和斑块密度等8个指标在演变过程中均存在一定的波动和无序化,反映出长江经济带在城镇化过程中呈现出不规则和无序化的特征。     

基于机器视觉的鱼类行为特征提取与分析

近年来,水污染问题备受关注。生物式水质监测成为目前国家环境保护工作的重要任务之一。为准确监测水质污染情况,本文以青鳉鱼(Oryzias latipes)为研究对象,采用非接触式的机器视觉监测技术,提取青鳉鱼的生理特征(呼吸频率)和运动特征(胸鳍和尾鳍的摆动频率),并分析这些特征与水质之间的关系。本文采用支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)准确提取鱼鳃,并根据鱼鳃呼吸面积大小变化计算出鱼的呼吸频率。基于形态学细化算法提取青鳉鱼骨架,求出胸鳍和尾鳍的摆动频率。结果显示:不同浓度铜离子暴露实验测得的青鳉鱼生理特征和运动特征与实际情况一致;通过对不同铜离子浓度下的毒性实验数据对比,发现了青鳉鱼的生理特征和运动特征会随不同的铜离子浓度发生相应变化,可以作为水质监测的评价标准。