Effects of law enforcement and community outreach on mammal diversity in a biodiversity hotspot

Management activities such as law enforcement and community outreach are thought to affect conservation outcomes in protected areas, but their importance relative to intrinsic environmental characteristics of the parks and extrinsic human pressures surrounding the parks have not been explored. Furthermore, it is not clear which is more related to conservation outcomes—the management itself or local people's perceptions of the management. We measured objective (reports by park staff) and subjective (reports by local people) levels of community outreach and law enforcement based on responses to 374 questionnaires. We estimated mammal abundance and diversity of 6 protected areas based on data from 115 camera traps in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, a biodiversity hotspot with high hunting and land-conversion pressures. We then examined correlations among them and found that local people's perception of law enforcement was positively related to the local abundance of 2 large, hunted species, wild boar (Sus scrofa) (β = 15.22) and muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis) (β = 14.82), but not related to the abundance of smaller mammals or to objective levels of enforcement. The subjective frequency of outreach by park staff to local communities (β = 3.42) and park size (β = 3.28) were significantly and positively related to mammal species richness, whereas elevation, human population density, and subjective frequency of law enforcement were not. We could not conclude that community outreach and law enforcement were directly causing increased mammal abundance and diversity. Nevertheless, the patterns we detected are some of the first empirical evidence consistent with the idea that biodiversity in protected areas may be more positively and strongly related to local perceptions of the intensity of park management than to either intrinsic (e.g., elevation, park size) or extrinsic (e.g., human population density) environmental factors.     

Comparison of CNT-PVA membrane and commercial polymeric membranes in treatment of emulsified oily wastewater

CNT-PVA membrane was fabricated and compared with polymeric membranes. The separation performance was evaluated by homemade and cutting fluid emulsions. The three membranes show similar oil retention rates. CNT-PVA membranes have higher permeation fluxes compared with polymeric membranes. CNT-PVA membrane shows higher fouling resistance. Membrane separation is an attractive technique for removal of emulsified oily wastewater. However, polymeric membranes which dominate the current market usually suffer from severe membrane fouling. Therefore, membranes with high fouling resistance are imperative to treat emulsified oily wastewater. In this study, carbon nanotube-polyvinyl alcohol (CNT-PVA) membrane was fabricated. And its separation performance for emulsified oily wastewater was compared with two commercial polymeric membranes (PVDF membrane and PES membrane) by filtration of two homemade emulsions and one cutting fluid emulsion. The results show that these membranes have similar oil retention efficiencies for the three emulsions. Whereas, the permeation flux of CNT-PVA membrane is 1.60 to 3.09 times of PVDF membrane and 1.41 to 11.4 times of PES membrane, respectively. Moreover, after five consecutive operation circles of filtration process and back flush, CNT-PVA membrane can recover 62.3% to 72.9% of its initial pure water flux. However, the pure water flux recovery rates are only 24.1% to 35.3% for PVDF membrane and 6.0% to 26.3% for PES membrane, respectively. Therefore, CNT-PVA membrane are more resistant to oil fouling compared with the two polymeric membranes, showing superior potential in treatment of emulsified oily wastewater.     

Enhanced activation of peroxymonosulfate by CNT-TiO2 under UV-light assistance for efficient degradation of organic pollutants

CNT-TiO₂ composite is used to activate PMS under UV-light assistance. Superior performance is due to the enhanced electron-transfer ability of CNT. SO₄•⁻, •OH and ¹O₂ play key roles in the degradation of organic pollutants. In this work, a UV-light assisted peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system was constructed with the composite catalyst of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) - titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Under the UV light irradiation, the photoinduced electrons generated from TiO₂ could be continuously transferred to CNT for the activation of PMS to improve the catalytic performance of organic pollutant degradation. Meanwhile, the separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs could enhance the photocatalysis efficiency. The electron spin resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and quenching experiments confirmed the generation of sulfate radical (SO₄•⁻), hydroxyl radical (•OH) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) in the UV/PMS/20%CNT-TiO₂ system. Almost 100% phenol degradation was observed within 20 min UV-light irradiation. The kinetic reaction rate constant of the UV/PMS/20%CNT-TiO₂ system (0.18 min⁻¹) was 23.7 times higher than that of the PMS/Co₃O₄ system (0.0076 min⁻¹). This higher catalytic performance was ascribed to the introduction of photoinduced electrons, which could enhance the activation of PMS by the transfer of electrons in the UV/PMS/CNT-TiO₂ system.     

利用LUR模型模拟天津市大气污染物浓度的空间分布

针对传统监测方法无法满足对大气污染物空间分布高分辨率的要求,以Arcgis为平台,利用LUR模型模拟天津市PM10和NO2年均浓度的空间分布.选取的回归变量为1~4km半径缓冲区内的道路总长度、不同土地利用类型的面积、人口密度、风向指数及距海距离,选取3个监测点的监测数据对方程进行了验证.结果表明,对PM10年均浓度影响最大的因素是缓冲区为1km的道路总长度(R2为0.560),而对NO2年均浓度影响最大的因素是人口密度(R2为0.414).多元线性回归方程计算结果显示,PM10和NO2的R2分别达到0.946和0.691;如果考虑风向的影响,R2可分别提高到0.980和0.849.对天津市中心城区建立5km′5km网格嵌套,根据多元线性回归方程计算每个网格交点的污染物浓度模拟值.通过kriging插值得到2种污染物在天津市中心城区的空间模拟分布图.PM10年均浓度分布以研究区中心最高,向四周逐渐降低;NO2的年均浓度以研究区中心最低,向四周逐渐升高.模拟结果与实际情况相符.     

电解铝含氟废气治理技术探讨

在电解铝生产过程中,产生主要特征污染物-氟化物,如何削减氟排放量,成为电解铝行业发展的关键;本文对"n型喷射两级逆流吸附干法净化技术"的工艺流程及烟气净化技术及效果进行了分析探讨,达到了电解铝含氟废气污染治理的目的.     

稻田不同种类有机肥施用对后季麦田N2O排放的影响

以稻麦轮作系统为对象,研究水稻生长季基肥施用不同有机物料对后季麦田N₂O排放及年轮作系统CH₄和N₂O综合温室效应的影响.结果表明:与施用化肥(化肥处理)相比,施用菜饼加化肥(菜饼处理)对后季麦田N₂O排放量无影响;施用小麦秸秆加化肥(小麦秸秆处理)导致后季麦田的N₂O排放量减少15%;施用牛厩肥加化肥(牛厩肥处理)和猪厩肥加化肥(猪厩肥处理)分别增加29%和16%.就稻麦年轮作生长季总体而言,菜饼、牛厩肥和猪厩肥处理稻麦生长季N₂O排放总量较化肥处理分别增加6%、17%和7%,然而,小麦秸秆处理N₂O排放总量减少16%.20a或500a时间尺度上各处理稻田CH₄排放和该轮作周期水稻和小麦生长季N₂O排放的总GWP值由大到小的顺序分别为:菜饼处理>小麦秸秆处理>牛厩肥处理>猪厩肥处理>化肥处理或菜饼处理>牛厩肥处理>猪厩肥处理>小麦秸秆处理>化肥处理.单位产量的GWP以作物残体处理最高,农家肥其次,化肥处理最低.因此,稻田基施不同种类有机物料都相应地增加稻麦轮作系统CH₄和N₂O排放的综合温室效应.     

臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活研究

隐孢子虫灭活困难,给饮用水安全带来了挑战。实验以枯草芽孢杆菌孢子(ATCC6633)作为隐孢子虫的指示菌,研究了臭氧浓度、浊度、有机物、温度等因素对臭氧灭活枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的影响。研究表明,臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活与CT值相关,臭氧浓度对消毒效果影响较小;降低浊度、有机物含量,能提高臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活效率;温度降低,为保证一定的消毒效率,所需的CT值越大。研究结果为水厂合理控制运行参数提供了借鉴。     

HRT对城市污水厂尾水反硝化深度脱氮的影响

污水厂尾水回用作为水源时,其ρ(TN)较高是亟待解决的问题. 在调研污水厂尾水水质的基础上,利用MBBR(移动床生物膜反应器)对其进行深度脱氮,并考察HRT(水力停留时间)对不同填料(聚乙烯和陶粒)的MBBR运行效果的影响. 结果表明,NO₃--N是尾水中氮的主要形态,其质量浓度约占ρ(TN)的80.8%±8.4%. HRT分别为12、8和4 h时,对NO₃--N去除率影响不大,均能达到90%以上,但反硝化能力随着HRT的缩短而成倍增加;HRT为4 h时各反应器的反硝化能力最大,聚乙烯和陶粒MBBR中分别为(28.4±14.5)和(27.4±14.3)mg/(L·d)(以NO₃--N计). 随着HRT的减少,COD_Cr去除率呈降低趋势. 三维荧光分析表明,进、出水中均含有类富里酸和类蛋白质等DOM物质. HRT为8 h时MBBR对DOM的去除率最高,聚乙烯填料MBBR对有机污染物的去除效果略优于陶粒填料. 综合考虑氮和有机污染物去除效能,聚乙烯和陶粒填料MBBR优化HRT均为8 h.      

军用飞机结构类型聚类分析

选取某型飞机16个典型结构,采用温、湿度测量仪测量其局部温、湿度,测量周期为2个月,分别获得673个有效温、湿度实测数据。根据实测数据,采用模糊聚类算法对飞机结构类型进行归并分析,当模糊矩阵阈值λ=0．7时,飞机结构类型可归并为开式、半开式、封闭式3种典型结构形式。     

天然水体基于分子生物学的微生物生态学研究

我国天然水体富营养化严重,水体生态系统已失去平衡。作为水生态系统中分解者的微生物,对于水体自净和修复发挥着极其重要的作用,因而了解微生物群落的组成和其动态变化、以及与水环境之间的相互关系对开展水环境生物修复研究是非常必要的。随着生物技术的发展,分子生物学技术被广泛应用于微生物生态学研究。文章主要介绍了分子生物学技术在天然水体微生物生态学中的应用以及天然水体中环境因子与微生物群落的关系。DGGE和TRFLP技术由于具有操作方便、可同时处理大量样品、系统性和有效性强等优点,因而被较多地应用于天然水体中微生物群落结构研究。微生物群落结构及其变化与许多因素有关,包括温度、光照、DO、pH、氮、磷、有机物等,对于不同种类的微生物,各因素的影响效果也有所不同。