电解铝含氟废气治理技术探讨

在电解铝生产过程中,产生主要特征污染物-氟化物,如何削减氟排放量,成为电解铝行业发展的关键;本文对"n型喷射两级逆流吸附干法净化技术"的工艺流程及烟气净化技术及效果进行了分析探讨,达到了电解铝含氟废气污染治理的目的.     

我国废弃电器电子产品的EPR执行模式研究

延伸生产者责任,将生产者对产品所负的责任扩展到产品生命周期的消费后阶段,为＂废弃产品的环境影响责任＂找到了合理的承担主体。研究了延伸生产者责任的概念、种类及特征。以德、日、中国台湾为例,分析了发达国家及地区的废弃电器电子产品的EPR执行模式。总结了我国废弃电器电子产品回收处理的现状、原因及具体实施情况。在借鉴他国及地区成功经验的基础上,提出了我国废弃电器电子产品的EPR执行模式。     

Granulation of filamentous microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor with saline wastewater

Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fas...     

Iron-doped Mn-Ce/TiO2 catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

The catalysts of iron-doped Mn-Ce/TiO 2(Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2) prepared by sol-gel method were investigated for low temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO with NH 3.It was found that the NO conversion over Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 was obviously improved after iron doping compared with that over Mn-Ce/TiO 2.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 with the molar ratio of Fe/Ti = 0.1 exhibited the highest activity.The results showed that 96.8% NO conversion was obtained over Fe(0.1)-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 at 180°C at a space velocity of 50,000 hr 1.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 exhibited much higher resistance to H 2 O and SO 2 than that of Mn-Ce/TiO 2.The properties of the catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD),N 2 adsorption,temperature programmed desorption(NH 3-TPD and NOx-TPD),and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) techniques.BET,NH3-TPD and NOx-TPD results showed that the specific surface area and NH3 and NOx adsorption capacity of the catalysts increased with iron doping.It was known from XPS analysis that iron valence state on the surface of the catalysts were in Fe3+ state.The doping of iron enhanced the dispersion and oxidation state of Mn and Ce on the surface of the catalysts.The oxygen concentrations on the surface of the catalysts were found to increase after iron doping.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO2 represented a promising catalyst for low temperature SCR of NO with NH3 in the presence of H2 O and SO2.     

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain,China

In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions.     

提高海水中硫化物测定回收率的探讨

通过对测定海水中硫化物的分析方法进行改进和优化处理,解决了一直困扰海水中硫化物测定的回收率偏低和相对标准偏差较大的问题,经过反复实验,硫化物的回收率可提高到90%以上,相对标准偏差为2.6%.     

舟山海域围填海工程对海洋环境的影响及防治措施与对策

舟山市近几年大型项目不断引进,用地量不断增加,使得原本有限的土地后备资源急剧减少.围海造地,增加陆域土地资源,从目前来看是解决土地紧张和经济发展制约的有效途径,而大面积围海造地对舟山海域的海洋环境带来了一定影响.本文根据舟山海域近几年海洋环境质量及发展趋势,阐述了围填海工程快速发展对舟山海域海洋环境所带来的影响,通过连续几年监测站位的布设以及监测数据统计分析,结果表明:目前舟山沿海海域环境质量状况不容乐观,并对如何预防和减轻围填海工程快速发展带来的不良影响提出了几点对策.     

植物-土壤渗滤法对农村生活污水的处理工艺研究

采用植物-土壤渗滤法对农村生活污水进行处理研究,结果表明:体系对BOD5、CODCr、TN、NH4+-N、TP的平均去除率分别为74%、79%、85%、91%、89%,出水达到国家一级排放标准,该工艺在农村生活污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算：模型验证和输入参数检验

利用2005～2007年我国稻田N₂O排放通量的田间原位测定资料和国际上其它地区稻田N₂O报道结果,对作者建立的不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N₂O排放估算模型进行了验证. 结果表明,持续淹水稻田N₂O排放的拟合结果与其他地区淹水稻田N₂O通量值相一致. 淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式下,稻田N₂O排放的拟合值接近于国际上同类研究结果. 淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉的水分管理方式下,稻田N₂O排放的估算模型对田间原位测定资料有很好的适切性. 为了检验模型输入参数的可信度,将本研究建立的有关我国水稻生产的相关资料数据库与以往研究报道结果进行了比较,结果表明,两者具有高度的一致性. 数据库资料表明,在20世纪50～70年代间,持续淹水稻田占20%～25%,大约75%～80%的稻田采用淹水-烤田-淹水的水分管理方式. 在20世纪80～90年代间,采用持续淹水,淹水-烤田-淹水和淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉水分管理方式的稻田分别约占12%～16%、 77%和7%～12%. 20世纪50年代水稻生长季平均每季总施氮量为87.49 kg·hm^-2,而90年代平均为224.64 kg·hm^-2. 其中,化学氮肥的施用量从20世纪50年代的37.4 kg·hm^-2增加到了90年代的198.8 kg·hm^-2,分别占水稻生长季氮输入总量的43%和88%. 在20世纪50～70年代间有机氮的输入量相对比较稳定,平均变幅在45.2～48.2 kg·hm^-2之间,随后逐步降低,有机肥料氮占氮输入总量的比例从20世纪50年代的52%降低到了90年代的9%. 作物残体N输入量从20世纪50年代的4.9 kg·hm^-2增加到了80年代的6.3 kg·hm^-2. 20世纪50～70年代水稻生长季氮肥施用量具明显的空间变异性,而80～90年代间其空间变异较小. 模型验证和输入参数检验的结果表明,该模型能较好地模拟我国不同水分管理方式下的稻田N₂O直接排放量.     

光助非均相芬顿体系中羟基自由基的荧光光谱法测定与影响因素研究

以TiO2/Al2O3为载体制备了Fe2O3/TiO2/Al2O3催化剂,建立了三相流化床光助非均相芬顿反应体系.选取香豆素为羟基自由基捕获剂,采用荧光法检测光助非均相芬顿反应体系中产生的活性中间体,发现在体系中有高活性的羟基自由基生成.实验讨论了溶液的pH值、H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、光强对光助非均相芬顿反应体系中羟基自由基生成量的影响.结果表明,以香豆素为羟基自由基捕获剂的实验方法可以较好地检测不同实验条件下光助非均相芬顿反应体系中产生的羟基自由基,且该光助非均相芬顿反应体系中羟基自由基的生成在30 min内符合零级反应动力学.溶液的pH值、H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、光强均对反应体系中羟基自由基的生成存在一定的影响.