Analysis of the toxicogenomic effects of exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Slovakian girls: correlations between gene expression and disease risk

The chemical composition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment is not uniform throughout the world, and these contaminants contain many structurally different lipophilic compounds. In a well-defined study cohort in the Slovak Republic, the POP chemicals present in the peripheral blood of exposed children were chemically analyzed. The chemical analysis data revealed that the relative concentration and profile of structurally different organic pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,2′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), 2,2′-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloro-ethane (p,p′-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), may vary from individual to individual, even within the same exposure area. These chemicals can be broadly classified into two groups. The first group, the PCB congeners, primarily originated from industrial compounds and their byproducts. The second group of compounds originated from or was commonly used in the agricultural sector (e.g., DDT, HCB). The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the two POP exposure profiles on gene expression. For the study population, we selected pre-pubertal girls (mean age of 46.2 ± 1.4 months) with high POP concentrations in their blood (> 75% tile of total POP) and classified them in the high ‘PCB’ group when the total PCB concentration was significantly higher than the total concentration of other POP components and in the ‘Other Than PCB’ (OTP) group, when the total PCB concentration was significantly lower than the concentration of the other major POP constituents. A matched control group of girls (< 25% tile of total POP) was selected for comparison purpose (n = 5 per group). Our aims were to determine whether there were any common effects of high POP exposure at a toxicogenomic level and to investigate how exposure may affect physiological functions of the children in two different exposure scenarios. Global gene expression analysis using a microarray (Affymetrix Gene Chip Human genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array) platform was conducted on the total RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the girls. The results were analyzed by Partek GS, Louis, MI, which identified twelve genes (ATAD2B, BIVM, CD96, CXorf39, CYTH1 ETNK1, FAM13A, HIRA, INO80B, ODG1, RAD23B, and TSGA14) and two unidentified probe sets, as regulated differentially in both the PCB and OTP groups against the control group. The qRT-PCR method was used to validate the microarray results. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software package identified the possible molecular impairments and disease risks associated with each gene set. Connective tissue disorders, genetic disorders, skeletal muscular disorders and neurological diseases were associated with the 12 common genes. The data therefore identified the potential molecular effects of POP exposure on a genomic level. This report underscores the importance of further study to validate the results in a random population and to evaluate the use of the identified genes as biomarkers for POP exposure.     

催化臭氧化降解技术中的两个问题

探讨了有机物特性及中间产物H₂O₂在催化臭氧化中的作用。结果表明,有机物在自由基链反应过程中的特性直接影响催化臭氧化的降解效率。当目标有机物是对链反应具有促进作用的甲酸时,自由基引发反应可以明显提高甲酸的臭氧化效率。当目标有机物是对自由基链反应具有抑制剂作用的乙酸时,O₃和Fe²⁺/O₃对乙酸有着相似的降解效率。以上结果表明,自由基引发反应并不是臭氧化降解效率提高的充分条件。另外,当臭氧化过程有H₂O₂产生时,必须考虑类Fenton反应对臭氧化效率的影响。     

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测太湖水质的研究

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术对太湖水质进行监测,测定太湖各样点水样的蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率（MCN‰）及污染指数（PI）,并进行F检验。结果表明,各样点MCN‰有显著性差异,39个样点中有6个采样点的PI在2以上,和对照组相比有显著差异（p＜0.05）,表明太湖部分区域水质受到不同程度的污染。     

黑龙江省饮用水水源地技术保障体系研究

根据黑龙江省水资源和水源地概况,提出了体系构成原则,建立了饮用水水源地技术保障体系。研究成果可为黑龙江省饮用水水源地环境保护工作的开展提供技术支撑。     

用CAF涡凹气浮设备处理含油污水

用CAF涡凹气浮设备进行含油污水处理的试验，结果表明：当进水油、CODCr平均浓度分别为40.7mg/L、883.8mg/L，平均去除率分别为86.05%,32.62%，出水可满足后续生化处理的进水要求。     

含模糊随机变量的水污染控制系统研究

在水流量为模糊随机变量且河流中工业污水含量标准给定的条件下,以极小化污水处理费用为目标,建立了水污染控制系统问题的模糊随机机会约束规划模型。采用将模糊随机模拟、神经元网络及遗传算法相结合的混合遗传算法来求解该模型,并用算例进行了验证,结果表明该算法是有效可行的。     

生态学原理在城市改造中的应用——以天津市为例

随着中国城市化进程的加快,城市改造的速度也在加快,但是由于缺少科学的理论指导,城市改造往往表现为盲目的重建。天津市在城市的改造中,以生态学原理指导城市改造,注重城市景观多样性的保护和发展,成功地对部分城区进行了改造。对城市改造应遵循的生态学理念进行了阐述,并指出,生态学原理的运用是解决目前中国城市改造中存在的问题的有效途径;并结合天津市“五大道”和海河改造的实例说明生态学原理在城市改造中的应用。     

发达国家和地区污染场地法律制度体系及启示

我国正在起草《土壤污染防治法》,这将为我国土壤、场地污染防治管理提供基本法律依据,并逐步建成完善的污染场地管理的法律制度体系。其中,监管体系、资金体系和责任体系是污染场地管理体系中的3大重要方面。美国、日本等发达国家和我国台湾地区在各自污染场地管理法律制度体系中,均规定了明确的监管主体,采用了多样化的监管手段,建立了可持续的污染场地专项基金,确定了明晰的责任判定和追究原则,为我国场地污染防治立法和制度设计中监管体系、资金体系和责任体系的建设提供了宝贵的借鉴。     

锅炉改造项目环境影响评价实证分析

本文以锅炉“煤改气”项目为例,在项目施工期、运营期产生的环境影响进行评价,并提出相应的环境保护措施。为环保部门和企业管理提供理论依据,并为锅炉改造类项目污染预防治理提供实践经验,最大限度降低项目建设对周围环境的不利影响,推动“煤改气”项目的可持续发展。     

Continuous monitoring of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near open‐air burning of metal scraps

Airborne concentrations of PAH in the vicinity of the source region with open‐air burning of metal scraps were measured between February, 1992 and November, 1993. The activity of open‐air burning decreased significantly since 1993 due to prohibition regulation. Both gaseous phase and particle‐bound PAH were measured at five sampling sites, which included one reference sampling site far away from the source region. Both values of gaseous and particle‐bound PAH concentrations, which were measured in the vicinity of source region, decreased clearly during the two years monitoring period. It shows that the uncontrolled open‐air burning of metal scraps was a significant emission source of airborne PAH in the study area. The profiles of various species of PAH were also compared. A large decrease in benzo(a)pyrene was observed in the source region.