Toward verifying fossil fuel CO2 emissions with the CMAQ model: Motivation,model description and initial simulation

Motivated by the question of whether and how a state-of-the-art regional chemical transport model (CTM) can facilitate characterization of CO₂ spatiotemporal variability and verify CO₂ fossil-fuel emissions, we for the first time applied the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to simulate CO₂. This paper presents methods, input data, and initial results for CO₂ simulation using CMAQ over the contiguous United States in October 2007. Modeling experiments have been performed to understand the roles of fossil-fuel emissions, biosphere–atmosphere exchange, and meteorology in regulating the spatial distribution of CO₂ near the surface over the contiguous United States. Three sets of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes were used as input to assess the impact of uncertainty of NEE on CO₂ concentrations simulated by CMAQ. Observational data from six tall tower sites across the country were used to evaluate model performance. In particular, at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO), a tall tower site that receives urban emissions from Denver, CO, the CMAQ model using hourly varying, high-resolution CO₂ fossil-fuel emissions from the Vulcan inventory and CarbonTracker optimized NEE reproduced the observed diurnal profile of CO₂ reasonably well but with a low bias in the early morning. The spatial distribution of CO₂ was found to correlate with NOx, SO₂, and CO, because of their similar fossil-fuel emission sources and common transport processes. These initial results from CMAQ demonstrate the potential of using a regional CTM to help interpret CO₂ observations and understand CO₂ variability in space and time. The ability to simulate a full suite of air pollutants in CMAQ will also facilitate investigations of their use as tracers for CO₂ source attribution. This work serves as a proof of concept and the foundation for more comprehensive examinations of CO₂ spatiotemporal variability and various uncertainties in the future.

Implications: Atmospheric CO₂ has long been modeled and studied on continental to global scales to understand the global carbon cycle. This work demonstrates the potential of modeling and studying CO₂ variability at fine spatiotemporal scales with CMAQ, which has been applied extensively, to study traditionally regulated air pollutants. The abundant observational records of these air pollutants and successful experience in studying and reducing their emissions may be useful for verifying CO₂ emissions. Although there remains much more to further investigate, this work opens up a discussion on whether and how to study CO₂ as an air pollutant.     

长江水系河流与水库中鲤鱼的元素含量特征

针对长江三峡水库蓄水后引起水库汞活化效应对生态与环境的影响问题,系统地分析了长江水系水库与河流鲤鱼肌肉的Ａｓ,Ｃｄ,Ｃｕ,Ｆｅ,Ｈｇ,Ｍｎ,Ｐｂ,Ｓｅ,Ｎａ,Ｍｇ等元素含量的分布特征。并以丹江口水库－汉江,陈村水库－青戈江为例,用多元分析证明水库与河流的鲤肌肉中Ａｓ,Ｓｅ,Ｈｇ,Ｃｄ等元素含量存在显著差异,同时指出水库汞活化效应引起的鱼体汞含量增加是该元素的一种生物地球化学现象,并利用同一水系水库     

污染源概念和公路污染源界定

从排放标准和污染物总量控制两方面讨论了污染源概念。阐述了公路修筑和使用养护阶段的各种污染物发生源和来源。把公路污染界定为移动污染源，固定污染源，临旱污染源和伴生污染；区别了公路污染源和污染公路的污染源；并分析了各自的特征。     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water. KMnO₄ pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O₃ + activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV₂₅₄ in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organicmatter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2% of color, 96.0% of UV₂₅₄ and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

基于GIS的市域景观格局定量分析与优化

以长沙市为例,结合长沙市2000年4月份LandsatTM影像和1:250000地理信息矢量数据库,借助Arc/view和Arc/Info软件,对其景观进行分类,并形成景观分类图,一级分类6个类型,在此基础之上进行二级分类,共分为15种景观类型.并用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS软件计算了各类景观参数,并从斑块、类型和景观3个水平上,计算了相应的参数和景观指数,定量的揭示了整个景观格局与类型特征.研究结果表明,分布面积占研究区总而积达46.8707%的有林地景观其连接性、完整性比其他景观类型好,是研究区的基质,但斑块和景观的空间形状较为复杂,表现出强烈的干扰特征.水田的斑块数量最多,受人为活动影响强烈.天然草地,改良草地,滩涂表现出萎缩特征.从各类用地的空间组合来看,除了城镇相对集中的城区等几个地方外,农村居民点多为耕地和林地景观所隔开,各城镇和农村居民点由道路或水系连接.定量分析城市景观的空间格局,将有助于深入研究景观格局的形成机制和理解城市景观的格局与过程.在此基础上初步探讨了基于景观格局优化的城市生态系统的内部空间布局.研究结果对长沙市景观生态规划有指导意义.     

不同钝化剂对土壤环境中重金属有效性和微生物群落的影响

以云南省澜沧拉祜族自治县铅矿区农田污染土壤为研究对象,采用土培实验的方法,研究生物炭、腐殖土和海泡石单施及配施条件下,土壤Pb、Zn和Cd有效态含量、重金属形态分布及微生物群落的变化.结果表明,腐殖土和生物炭改良剂均能有效地降低生物有效态Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,低剂量海泡石的添加修复效果不明显.其中,腐殖土的施入使土壤...     

典型污水处理厂中多环麝香的污染特征

多环麝香在日常生活中被广泛使用,在生产和使用过程中会经过污水处理系统而进入环境中.研究了日用化妆品生产工厂排放的多环麝香在污水处理系统中污水和污泥的污染特征.在大型日用化妆品生产工厂污水处理厂的污水和污泥中均检测出较高浓度的多环麝香,HHCB和AHTN是两种主要污染物.其中多环麝香在污水处理系统进水中质量浓度范围为4.7(AHMI)～550 μg·L-1(HHCB),出水中质量浓度范围为:低于检测限(AHMI)～32.1μg·L-1(HHCB),污泥(干物质量)中多环麝香的含量范围为1.78(AHMI)～566 mg·kg-1(HHCB).污水处理系统污水中多环麝香的去除效率非常高,达到了90%以上,然而,污泥中却富集了大量的多环麝香,表明污水中的多环麝香很大一部分转移到了污泥中,从而可能成为环境中一种潜在的多环麝香污染源.     

祁连山老虎沟冰芯草酸根和氟离子的记录及环境意义

2006年6月,在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔5040 m的粒雪盆钻取的20.12 m冰芯,该冰芯定年至1960年.本文分析了冰芯样品中草酸根和氟离子含量,冰芯所记录的过去46年草酸根的平均含量为（18.52±2.4）ng.g-1,其含量变化与气温变化具有很好的一致性,表明气温可能是影响草酸根浓度变化的因素之一.20世纪...     

镉胁迫对大豆花荚期生理生态的影响

为了探讨重金属胁迫对大豆繁殖期生理生态的影响,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了Cd2+胁迫对五月王和日本青两个大豆品系花荚期植株生长及叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),活性、过氧化物酶(POD),活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明:(1)低质量分数Cd2+胁迫对2个大豆品系的花荚期植株生物量和植株高度均具有促进作用,但随着Cd2+质量分数的增加转而抑制大豆植株的生物量和高度的增加,且质量分数越高其抑制作用越明显.(2)不同质量分数Cd2+处理对花荚期大豆叶片叶绿素合成具有刺激效应,两个大豆品系结荚期的叶绿素含量随胁迫时间的延长呈先增加后降低的趋势.(3)短时间、低质量分数的Cd2+胁迫能增强大豆花荚期SOD活性,长时间、高质量分数的Cd2+胁迫能抑制大豆花荚期SOD活性.(4)随着Cd2+质量分数增加,五月王和日本青结荚期POD活性逐渐升高,但其时间效应有差异;随着胁迫时间的延长,日本青花荚期POD活性稳步提高,而五月王在长时间、高质量分数Cd2+胁迫下POD活性降低.(5)随着Cd2+质量分数和胁迫时间的递增,大豆MDA含量呈"先升后降"趋势.(6)大豆五月王和日本青花荚期对Cd2+耐受性存在较大差异,这主要是由二者的遗传学因素不同决定的而不是环境因素.     

污水再生处理工艺中卡马西平的去除过程模拟及其生态风险评价

卡马西平在污水和水环境中广泛存在,且对水生生态系统安全构成风险,因此成为目前研究较多的药品之一。以北京清河再生水厂为例,研究"超滤—臭氧氧化—氯消毒"处理工艺中卡马西平的去除特性,并针对臭氧氧化和氯消毒工艺建立模拟卡马西平去除过程的机理模型。同时,利用美国环境保护署ECOTOX数据库,获取卡马西平对北京市水生生物物种的毒性数据,并基于毒性数据建立物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型,评价再生水厂出水补给地表水体时卡马西平产生的生态风险。臭氧氧化和氯消毒模型对卡马西平、总有机碳、氨氮等指标的模拟误差总体低于20%,模型的灵敏参数均可以被较好地识别,且其不确定性显著下降。对比7种SSD模型发现,对数正态分布和对数Logistic分布模型较好地拟合了北京市6个物种的卡马西平毒性数据,二者预测得到的总体生态风险期望值分别为7.4%和8.5%。