关于沥青烟尘治理的工业安全与卫生评价

炭阳极生产过程存在着严重的环境污染问题 ,在诸多污染物中沥青烟尘对人类生存的危害最大 ,是企业和政府强化治理的重点。笔者结合某铝厂的技术改造工程 ,对沥青烟尘的治理加以讨论 ,将先进的生产工艺和成熟可靠的净化技术作为治理污染源的有效措施 ,以保证污染物的排放量达到国家标准要求。在技改过程中 ,严格按照所涉及的安全生产规程和标准 ,把它们作为技术改造设计原则、安全防范措施、工业卫生评价的依据。     

甲基汞对大鼠脑一氧化氮合酶,丙二醛和即刻早期基因的影响

为了寻找甲基汞神经毒性检测和评价效应指标以及探讨甲基汞神经毒性分子机制,对大鼠进行氯化甲基汞(MMC)急性暴露(对照组为0.9％生理盐水、暴露组浓度为0.05mg/kg),20min后对大鼠进行生理生化指标和即早基因的检测,大鼠大脑中枢神经系统的神经递质一氧化氮合酶活力采用一氧化氮合酶(NOS)测定试剂盒检测;自由基脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)比色法检测;即刻早期基因c-fos表达的变化采用免疫组化方法检测。结果表明,在暴露氯化甲基汞(MMC)20min后,大鼠大脑中枢神经系统的一氧化氮合酶活力、自由基脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量以及即刻早期基因(IEG)c-fos蛋白阳性表达数量都有提高。但其中一氧化氮合酶活力及自由基脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量同对照组相比没有显著性差异;而即刻早期基因c-fos的阳性表达同对照组相比有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。据此可以推测,即刻早期基因能作为甲基汞神经毒性检测和评价效应指标,一氧化氮合酶、丙二醛和即刻早期基因在甲基汞神经毒性过程中具有重要作用。     

城市光污染侵害案件法律适用问题的探讨

在城市光污染侵害案件日益增多的同时,我国光污染侵害的法律救济手段和救济结果却不尽人意。虽然我国在宪法、环境保护法等法律、法规及民法中都有处理光污染侵害案件的法律依据,但由于缺少直接的规定,使环境保护法律体系存在太大的缺陷。因此,亟待制定有关的标准和修改相关的法律,从而更好地防治光污染,维护受害人的合法权益。     

The GaNE programme in a global perspective

This paper provides the background to this special issue, outlining the extent to which the global atmospheric nitrogen cycle has been modified by human activity and outlining the range of effects. The global total emissions of reduced and oxidized nitrogen, amount to 124 Tg N, and exceed those from natural sources (34 Tg N) by almost a factor of four showing the extent to which anthropogenic activity has taken over the global N cycle. Of the 124 Tg N, 70 Tg N is emitted in the oxidized form, largely as NO and 70% of which results directly from anthropogenic activity. The remaining 54 Tg N is emitted as NH₃, (66% anthropogenic). The enhanced nitrogen emissions are associated with a range of local, regional and global issues including, acidification, eutrophication, climate change, human health and tropospheric O₃. The paper also places the Global Nitrogen Enrichment (GaNE) research programme in the UK in a wider perspective.     

Modelling nitrogen fluxes at the landscape scale

The distribution and impacts of different nitrogen pollutants are inextricably linked. To understand the problem fully, the interactions between the different pollutants need to be taken into account. This is particularly important when it comes to abatement techniques, since measures to reduce emissions of one nitrogen pollutant can often lead to an increase in another. This project represents a step towards greater understanding of these issues by linking together new and existing nitrogen flux models into a larger framework. The modelling framework has been constructed and some of the nitrogen flows between fields, farms and the atmosphere have been modelled for a UK study area for typical farm management scenarios.     

Rapid amino acid cycling in arctic and antarctic soils

Amino acids constitute one of the largest inputs of organic nitrogen (N) to most polar soils and have been hypothesized to be important in regulating vegetational succession and productivity in Arctic ecosystems. Our understanding of amino acid cycling in these soils, however, is poor. The aim of this study was to investigate the size and rate of turnover of the amino acid pool in a range of Arctic and Antarctic soils. Our results indicate that in polar soils with either high or low ornithogenic inputs the amino acid pool is small in comparison to the inorganic N pool (NO^–₃ and NH⁺₄). The free amino acid pool constituted only a small proportion of the total dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) pool in these soils. Here we show that these low concentrations may be due to rapid use by the soil microbial community in both Arctic and Antarctic soils. The turnover of the amino acid pool in soil was extremely rapid, with a half-life ranging from 2 to 24 h, indicating that this N pool can be turned over many hundred times each summer when polar soils are frequently unfrozen. The implications of amino acids in N cycling and plant and microbial nutrition are discussed.     

Applying metabolic fingerprinting to ecology: The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the rapid screening of plant responses to N deposition

The potential for metabolic fingerprinting via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a novel approach for the detection of plant biochemical responses to N deposition is examined. An example of spectral analysis using shoot samples taken from an open top chamber (OTC) experiment simulating wet ammonium deposition is given. Sample preparation involved oven drying and homogenisation via mill grinding. Slurries of a consistent dilution were then prepared prior to FT-IR analysis. Spectra from control, 8 and 16 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatments were then subjected to cross-validated discriminant function analysis. Ordination diagrams showed clear separation between the three N treatments examined. The potential for using Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull as a bioindicator of N deposition is further evident from these results. The results also clearly demonstrate the power of FT-IR in discriminating between subtle phenotypic alterations in overall plant biochemistry as affected by ammonium pollution.     

红外光度法测定石油类和动植物油常见问题探讨

根据石油类在波数为2930cm-1、2960 cm-1、3030 cm-1全部或部分谱带处有物征吸收的原理,采用红外光度测油仪和水样絮凝富集技术测定石油类、动植物油。     

多级模糊综合评判方法在泥石流评价中的应用

介绍了多级模糊综合评判方法在泥石流评价中的应用, 指出了在进行模糊评判的时候,评判因子的选取以及隶属函数的构造应具体结合泥石流自身的特点来进行,并应用此方法对西南某拟建水电站坝址附近泥石流沟危险性做出了评价,评价结果与实际调查结果比较吻合.     

黄河积石峡水电站库区泥石流危险度评价

在选取一次(可能)最大冲出物方量、泥石流发生频率、流域面积、主沟长度、流域相对高差、流域切割密度、泥沙补给段长度比7个因子为泥石流沟谷危险度划分的主要因子的基础上,对评价因子隶属度的确定作了分析和阐述,并运用模糊综合评判法对黄河上游积石峡水电站库区16条泥石流沟进行了危险度划分.