Association between particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease mortality in Lanzhou,China

Ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution has been linked to elevated mortality, especially from cardiovascular diseases. However, evidence on the effects of particulate matter pollution on cardiovascular mortality is still limited in Lanzhou, China. This research aimed to examine the associations of daily mean concentrations of ambient air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM_C, and PM₁₀) and cardiovascular mortality due to overall and cause-specific diseases in Lanzhou. Data representing daily cardiovascular mortality rates, meteorological factors (daily average temperature, daily average humidity, and atmospheric pressure), and air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂) were collected from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, in Lanzhou. A quasi-Poisson regression model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to estimate the associations. Stratified analyses were also performed by different cause-specific diseases, including cerebrovascular disease (CD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart rhythm disturbances (HRD), and heart failure (HF). The results showed that elevated concentration of PM_2.5, PM_C, and PM₁₀ had different effects on mortality of different cardiovascular diseases. Only cerebrovascular disease showed a significant positive association with elevated PM_2.5. Positive associations were identified between PM_C and daily mortality rates from total cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic heart diseases. Besides, increased concentration of PM₁₀ was correlated with increased death of cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases. For cerebrovascular disease, each 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 at lag4 was associated with increments of 1.22% (95% CI 0.11–2.35%). The largest significant effects for PM_C on cardiovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases were both observed at lag0, and a 10 μg/m³ increment in concentration of PM_C was associated with 0.47% (95% CI 0.06–0.88%) and 0.85% (95% CI 0.18–1.52%) increases in cardiovascular mortality and ischemic heart diseases. In addition, it exhibited a lag effect on cerebrovascular mortality as well, which was most significant at lag6d, and an increase of 10 μg/m³ in PM_C was associated with a 0.76% (95% CI 0.16–1.37%) increase in cerebrovascular mortality. The estimates of percentage change in daily mortality rates per 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ were 0.52% (95% CI 0.05–1.02%) for cerebrovascular disease at lag6 and 0.53% (95% CI 0.01–1.05%) for ischemic heart disease at lag0, respectively. Our study suggests that elevated concentration of atmospheric PM (PM_2.5, PM_C, and PM₁₀) in Lanzhou is associated with increased mortality of cardiovascular diseases and that the health effect of elevated concentration of PM_2.5 is more significant than that of PM_C and PM₁₀.

     

Enhanced nitrogen removal of coal pyrolysis wastewater with low COD to nitrogen ratio by partial nitrification-denitrification bioprocess assisted with polycaprolactone

The purpose of this study is to investigate the enhancement of polycaprolactone (PCL) on total nitrogen (TN) removal of coal pyrolysis wastewater (CPW) with low COD to nitrogen ratio by partial nitrification-denitrification bioprocess (PNDB) in one single reactor. With the innovative combination of PCL and PNDB, the TN removal efficiency in the experimental reactor (signed as R1) was 10.21% higher than control reactor (R2). Nitrite accumulation percentage (NAP) in R1 was 82.02%, which was 17.49% higher than R2 at the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 0.9–1.5 mg/L, for the reason that the extra DO was consumed by PCL biodegradation at the aerobic period. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results demonstrated that organics with the molecular weight of 185 Da, which could serve as additional carbon sources for denitrifiers, were generated during the PCL hydrolysis process at the anoxic period. PCL was hydrolyzed by extracellular enzymes with the break of the ester bond which was confirmed by FT-IR spectrometer. Microbial community analysis revealed that Ferruginibacter was the dominant hydrolysis bacteria in R1. Nitrosomonas were the main ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and Hyphomicrobium were the denitrifiers in this study.

     

我国水中余氯测定标准的对比分析

分析了国内水中余氯测定标准的现状,从标准适用范围、标准对象、方法原理、样品预处理、干扰物和方法的精密度等方面对现行标准进行了分析讨论,提出目前国内水中余氯测定标准存在现状复杂、技术内容重复、术语名称和定义不统一、样品预处理、保藏和运输规定与检测方法之间不协调、方法的质量指标不同等问题,并对今后余氯测定标准化工作提出建议,特别是针对标准对象名称混乱和技术内容重复等现象,对标准制/修订工作提出了及时复审或修订标准、对关键技术内容开展比对试验以探讨差异存在必要性等建议。     

环境标准样品在国家地表水采测分离工作中的应用

按照《国家地表水环境质量监测网监测任务作业指导书(试行)》中实验室分析测试的质量保证和质量控制要求,结合江苏省南京环境监测中心的实际工作,综合分析2017年10月—2018年8月间国家地表水采测分离工作中环境标准样品在样品测试准确度验证、检测人员能力确认、检测设备期间核查及关键化学试剂检查等方面的应用情况。为保障环境监测结果量值溯源的统一性、准确性、一致性和可比性,提出丰富水环境标准样品的浓度水平、解决标准样品供需不平衡问题、改善消耗量大的标准样品操作方法、建立环境标准样品使用信息共享平台等实践建议,为合理提升环境标准样品应用效能、有效保证水环境监测数据质量提供参考。     

城镇化对制度转型的影响——基于江苏13个市的脉冲响应函数分析

运用脉冲响应函数分析了江苏各市2000~2015年的城镇化率对于制度转型3个维度（分权化、市场化、全球化）的影响。指标选取方面,以地方政府财政分权比例衡量分权化,以非国有（含非国有控股）工业总产值占全部工业总产值比重衡量市场化,以进出口总额占GDP比重衡量全球化。研究得出以下结果：（1）江苏各市城镇化进程较为有力地推动了分权化水平的提高,在苏北地区更为显著;（2）城镇化进程对于市场化水平的提升较为乏力,但苏锡常三市的市场化对城镇化的脉冲响应均表现为正;（3）城镇化对全球化的冲击也较为显著,高速城镇化带来的劳动力为对外贸易创造了巨大的经济价值;（4）总体来看,城镇化对制度转型3个维度的冲击,在初期社会经济发展相对落后的地区更为显著。 关键词： 城镇化;制度转型;分权化;市场化;全球化;脉冲响应     

A bibliometric analysis of biodiesel research during 1991–2015

A bibliometric analysis based on the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) from the Web of Science was carried out to provide insights into research activities and tendencies of the global biodiesel from 1991 to 2015. The document type and language, characteristics of publication outputs, Web of Science categories, journals, countries, institutions, author keyword and most cited articles were emphasized. The results indicated that annual output of the related scientific articles increased steadily. The top six categories focus on different aspects of biodiesel research. Bioresource Technology and Fuel were the two most frequent journals in the field of biodiesel research. The USA took a leading position and had the highest h-index (108) out of 122 countries/territories, followed by China and Brazil. Finally, author keywords and most cited articles were analyzed, indicating that microalgae, Jatropha curcas, vegetable oil and waste cooking oil are the most general raw materials for biodiesel production.     

Bacterial community structure and diversity responses to the direct revegetation of an artisanal zinc smelting slag after 5 years

This comparative field study examined the responses of bacterial community structure and diversity to the revegetation of zinc (Zn) smelting waste slag with eight plant species after 5 years. The microbial community structure of waste slag with and without vegetation was evaluated using high-throughput sequencing. The physiochemical properties of Zn smelting slag after revegetation with eight plant rhizospheres for 5 years were improved compared to those of bulk slag. Revegetation significantly increased the microbial community diversity in plant rhizospheres, and at the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were notably more abundant in rhizosphere slags than those in bulk waste slag. Additionally, revegetation increased the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria such as Flavobacterium, Streptomyces, and Arthrobacter as well as symbiotic N₂ fixers such as Bradyrhizobium. Three dominant native plant species (Arundo donax, Broussonetia papyrifera, and Robinia pseudoacacia) greatly increased the quality of the rhizosphere slags. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the differences in bacterial community structure between the bulk and rhizosphere slags were explained by slag properties, i.e., pH, available copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), moisture, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), and organic matter (OM); however, available Zn and cadmium (Cd) contents were the slag parameters that best explained the differences between the rhizosphere communities of the eight plant species. The results suggested that revegetation plays an important role in enhancing bacterial community abundance and diversity in rhizosphere slags and that revegetation may also regulate microbiological properties and diversity mainly through changes in heavy metal bioavailability and physiochemical slag characteristics.

     

Modes of selenium occurrence and LCD modeling of selenite desorption/adsorption in soils around the selenium-rich core,Ziyang County,China

Studying the modes of selenium occurrence in high-Se soils and its behaviors can improve understanding and evaluating its cycling, flux, and balance in geo-ecosystems and its influence on health. In this paper, using a modified sequential chemical extraction technique, seven operationally defined selenium fractions and Se valence distribution were determined about five soils in which paddy was planted (W1, W2, W3, W4, W5) and five soils in which maize was planted (H1, H2, H3, H4, H5) around the selenium-rich core, Ziyang County, Shaanxi Province, China. The results show that selenium fractions in the soils mainly include sulfide/selenide and base-soluble Se, and ligand-exchangeable Se is also high for five soils in which paddy was planted. For water-soluble Se, Se (IV) is main Se valence and almost no Se (VI) was determined about five soils in which paddy was planted, while almost 1:1 of Se (IV) and Se (VI) coexist about five soils in which maize was planted. For exchangeable Se, similar results were found. For the first time, two typical high-Se soils (W1 soil and H1 soil) were chosen to measure the pH-dependent solid-solution distribution of selenite in the pH range 3–9, and the results were explained using LCD (ligand and charge distribution) adsorption modeling. The desorbed selenite concentrations from the two soils are in general underestimated by the model due to a comparable binding affinity of phosphate and selenite on goethite and much lower amount of total selenite than total reactively adsorbed phosphate. The pH dependency of adsorption of selenite added to the soil can be successfully described with the LCD model for W1 soil. Whereas considering the influence of Al-oxides, by lowering selenite adsorption affinity constant K of Se adsorption on goethite by 16 times, the LCD model can describe the adsorption much better. The results can help to understand selenium cycling, flux, and balance in typical high-Se soils.

     

长株潭城市群农业用地损失的动态模拟研究

对城市群发展过程中的农业用地损失进行动态模拟研究,有助于准确归纳其损失的趋势和机制,为农业用地保护规划的制定提供依据。以长株潭城市群为例,通过遥感影像图的收集与处理以及空间数据库、方格网系统、十二向玫瑰图和三维山丘图的构建,对城市群扩张和农业用地损失的过程进行动态模拟,通过离心模型归纳导致农业用地损失的动力机制,并对2020、2025年的农业用地损失情况进行预测。结果显示:城镇建成区扩张是长株潭城市群农业用地损失最主要的原因。伴随着城市群空间结构的演变,农业用地损失经历了"中心区主导—中心区与产业园区共同主导—连绵式损失"的过程。如不加以控制,至2025年,一个总面积达1 500 km~2,呈连绵状分布的超大型都市区将在长株潭城市群形成,现有中心城区、产业园区之间的农业用地将逐渐消失殆尽,从而造成难以弥补的环境损失。从空间规划上优化城市群的空间结构和发展方式,从政策法规上对侵占行为进行严格控制,是保护农业用地的关键所在。研究有望为我国城市群环境保护规划的制定提供方法论参考。     

广州市城中村污水治理的探讨

本文主要针对广州市城中村进行了全面梳理,按照其功能类型进行分类,并在此基础上对典型城中村污水治理现状进行了实证调研。从现实来看,广州市大量的城中村污水治理不可能在短时间内完成,如果缺乏系统的规划治理,新的城中村依然还会出现污水治理问题,因此,解决城中村污水治理问题必须以现实情况为着眼点,找到破解当前治理的路径,才能完成国家和广东省对广州黑臭河涌治理部署要求,从而实现广州水环境根本好转的目标。