基于风险的检测技术(RBI)在尿素合成装置中的应用

采用基于风险检测的(RBI)方法对尿素合成装置进行风险评估.根据风险评估结果对装置中的四大高压设备进行了风险排序,并给出了合适的检测措施,制定了基于RBI分析的优化的检验策略.通过评估,降低了设备的风险,提高了设备的检修效率,增加了企业的经济效益.     

磷酸盐水泥对^90Sr固化性能的研究

以含95%MgO的重烧镁砂、磷酸盐和硼砂为原料,制备了磷酸盐水泥,研究其对90Sr的固化性能.同时,通过XRD、SEM等手段对固化体物相组成及显微结构进行分析,参照国家标准＂放射性废物固化体长期浸出试验＂（GB7023—86）对固化体进行抗浸出性能试验.结果表明,90Sr的加入会降低磷酸盐水泥固化体的抗压强度,随着90...     

化工企业突发大气环境风险评价标准的探讨

为了有效评价突发性化工环境污染事件的环境影响程度,急需建立科学有效的环境风险评价体系,而科学合理的风险评价标准体系是进行准确环境风险评价的前提和基础.本研究在对国内外风险评价标准体系研究分析的基础上,指出国内现有风险标准体系的LC50和IDLH阈值用于短期急性接触空气浓度标准值不尽合理.通过对比分析AEGLs、ERPGs、TEELs、AETLs等国际上通用标准值的出台背景、意义及适用条件,建议我国在化工行业突发性环境污染事件的环境风险评价过程中,优先选用AEGLs作为评价标准,其次选用ERPGs和TEELs,并以LC50及IDLH作适当补充.文中以某化工园区为例进行了比较研究,结果表明,与现行的LC50和IDLH相比,AEGLs、ERPGs、TEELs作为标准值能更有效反映有毒化学品突发泄漏对人体健康的影响程度,可作为化工行业突发环境风险事件的评价标准.     

有色冶炼铜镉渣中镉的提取工艺研究

以铜镉渣为研究对象,采用酸浸-锌粉置换方法对有色冶炼铜镉渣中镉进行提取,通过单因素实验分别对酸浸及置换条件进行考察,确定了镉提取的最优条件:在硫酸浓度为60g/L、液固比8:1、浸出时间3h,温度60℃的条件下镉的浸出率达97%;采用锌粉置换,锌粉用量为理论用量的1.3倍、置换温度40℃、提取时间1h、浸出液pH为2.5时,镉的置换率在99%以上,海绵镉的品位达78%。     

Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in a frigid urban atmosphere

•Harbin showed relatively high threshold RH (80%) for apparent increase of SOR. •The observed SOR were at the lower end of the ratios from Beijing’s winter. •Temperature-dependent increase of NOR was sharper than that of SOR. • NOR increased with stronger biomass burning impact but SOR was largely unchanged. Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was investigated during a six-month long heating season in Harbin, China. Enhanced sulfate formation was observed at high relative humidity (RH), with the same threshold RH (80%) for both colder and warmer measurement periods. Compared to wintertime results from Beijing, the threshold RH was considerably higher in Harbin, whereas the RH-dependent enhancement of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was less significant. In addition, the high RH events were rarely encountered, and for other periods, the SOR were typically as low as ~0.1. Therefore, the sulfate formation was considered inefficient in this study. After excluding the several cases with high RH, both SOR and the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) exhibited increasing trends as the temperature increased, with the increase of NOR being sharper. The nitrate to sulfate ratio tended to increase with increasing temperature as well. Based on a semi-quantitative approach, this trend was attributed primarily to the temperature-dependent variations of precursors including SO₂ and NO₂. The influence of biomass burning emissions on SIA formation was also evident. With stronger impact of biomass burning, an enhancement in NOR was observed whereas SOR was largely unchanged. The different patterns were identified as the dominant driver of the larger nitrate to sulfate ratios measured at higher concentrations of fine particulate matter.     

Environmental quality and its impact on the local economy: A case study from Dongguan,South China

Industries that pollute the environment developed in the early 1990s in Dongguan City, especially those in the middle and lower valley of the Dongjiang River (waterside area) have seriously affected water and air quality and hence have affected soil quality through polluted water irrigation and precipitation. Investigation of the economic growth and environmental pollution in the 32 township units in the City from 1990 to 2000 also reveals that environmental pollution has affected the history of the development of the towns or townships in the waterside region in the delta of the River Dongjiang, especially the towns near the river mouth, and has prevented their industry from upgrading and hence has slowed down their economic growth. The impact of environmental pollution on economic growth is most severe in the towns along the lower valley, or in down-wind regions. In contrast, economic development in the protected area of the upper valley of the waterside region indicates that environmental protection that strictly controls the discharge of pollutants does not restrict the development of the local economy.     

采油废水缺氧处理体系细菌和古细菌丰度对比

建立缺氧的模拟生物处理体系经过物化预处理的采油废水,利用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)跟踪了废水处理系统启动和稳定过程中真细菌和古细菌相对丰度的变化.结果表明,系统稳定后的COD去除率在40%左右.细菌和古细菌在采油废水生物处理系统中都有很高的比例,并呈现不同的变化趋势.细菌丰度在启动和稳定后维持在15%左右;而古细菌在系统稳定过程中呈现逐渐增加的趋势,比例上升到21%.表明古细菌可以在活性污泥系统中稳定存在并发挥作用,说明古细菌在特定污水处理上具有一定的研究和应用价值.图4表2参14     

Mapping cumulative impacts of mining on sediment retention ecosystem service in an Australian mining region

Mining development can potentially lead to cumulative impacts on ecosystems and their services across a range of scales. Site-specific environmental impact assessments are commonly assessed for mining projects; however, large-scale cumulative impacts of multiple mines that aggregate and interact in resources regions have had little attention in the literature and there are few examples where regional-scale mining impacts have been assessed on ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to quantify regional-scale cumulative impacts of mining on sediment retention ecosystem services. We apply the sediment delivery ratio model of Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs to calculate and map the sediment retention and export using a synthetic catchment model and a real case study under different mining scenarios in an Australian mining region. Two impact indices were created to quantify the cumulative impacts associated with a single mine and the interactions between multiple mines. The indices clarified the magnitude of impacts and the positive/negative impacts associated with regional-scale sediment retention and export. We found cumulative impacts associated with multiple mines’ interaction occurred but the influence of these interactions was relatively weak. This research demonstrated the potential for utilising ecosystem services modelling for the quantitative assessment of the cumulative impacts. Such research provide decision-makers and planners with a tool for sustainable regional and landscape planning that balances the needs of mining and the provision of ecosystem services.     

沙尘暴源区土壤盐碱扬尘对大鼠呼吸系统的免疫损伤

为研究沙尘暴源区土壤盐碱扬尘对大鼠呼吸系统的免疫损伤,采集距北京200多公里的张家口张北地区的安固里诺尔干盐湖(N41.316°,E114.350°)0~5 cm的盐碱表土,过200目(75μm)筛,测试土壤盐碱扬尘中水溶性离子。将32只雄性7周龄Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,即生理盐水对照组、低浓度组(1.5 mg·kg~(-1))、中浓度组(7.5 mg·kg~(-1))、高浓度组(37.5 mg·kg~(-1)),配制颗粒物悬液,采用气管滴注急性染毒方式,24 h后处死动物,检测血常规及血浆和肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、转化生长因子(TGF-β1)等氧化炎症因子,并制作肺组织和气管病理切片。结果表明,沙尘暴源区土壤盐碱扬尘中含有大量的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+等离子;土壤盐碱扬尘急性染毒会对大鼠气管和肺组织造成明显的炎症病变,并随着染毒试剂浓度的升高而加重;但对大鼠血常规的影响较小。中、高浓度染毒使血浆中T-AOC显著下降(P0.05);染毒促使血浆TGF-β1分泌显著增加(P0.05),但不存在剂量-效应关系,其他氧化炎症指标分泌无显著变化。中、高浓度组BALF的TGF-β1因子分泌量显著高于生理盐水对照组(P0.05),高浓度组BALF中IL-6含量显著低于生理盐水对照组(P0.05),其他氧化炎症指标分泌无显著变化。这些研究显示土壤盐碱扬尘粒径大小及化学成分可能是造成大鼠氧化炎症差异的原因。     

Adsorption characteristics of ciprofloxacin onto g-MoS2 coated biochar nanocomposites

• The g-MoS₂ coated composites (g-MoS₂-BC) were synthesized. • The coated g-MoS₂ greatly increased the adsorption ability of biochar. • The synergistic effect was observed for CIP adsorption on g-MoS₂-RC700. • The adsorption mechanisms of CIP on g-MoS₂-BC were proposed. The g-MoS₂ coated biochar (g-MoS₂-BC) composites were synthesized by coating original biochar with g-MoS₂ nanosheets at 300°C(BC300)/700°C (BC700). The adsorption properties of the g-MoS₂-BC composites for ciprofloxacin (CIP) were investigated with an aim to exploit its high efficiency toward soil amendment. The specific surface area and the pore structures of biochar coated g-MoS₂ nanosheets were significantly increased. The g-MoS₂-BC composites provided more π electrons, which was favorable in enhancing the π-π electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions between CIP and biochar. As a result, the g-MoS₂-BC composites showed faster adsorption rate and greater adsorption capacity for CIP than the original biochar. The coated g-MoS₂ nanosheets contributed more to CIP adsorption on the g-MoS₂-BC composites due to their greater CIP adsorption capacity than the original biochar. Moreover, the synergistic effect was observed for CIP adsorption on g-MoS₂-BC700, and suppression effect on g-MoS₂-BC300. In addition, the adsorption of CIP onto g-MoS₂-BC composites also exhibited strong dependence on the solution pH, since it can affect both the adsorbent surface charge and the speciation of contaminants. It was reasonably suggested that the mechanisms of CIP adsorption on g-MoS₂-BC composites involved pore-filling effects, π-π EDA interaction, electrostatic interaction, and ion exchange interaction. These results are useful for the modification of biochar in exploiting the novel amendment for contaminated soils.