Enzyme-Assisted Extraction and Pb<Superscript>2+</Superscript> Biosorption of Polysaccharide from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordyceps militaris</Emphasis>

The enzyme assisted extraction conditions of polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris mycelia were firstly investigated by kinetics analysis and the optimal operating was found to be: extraction temperature 40 °C; solid-solvent ratio 1:20; extraction pH 4.0; cellulase concentration 2.0%. The polysaccharide extraction yield was 5.99% under these optimized conditions. Furthermore, a fundamental investigation of the biosorption of Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution by the C. militaris polysaccharide was performed under batch conditions. The suitable pH (5.0), polysaccharide concentration (0.20 g L^?1), initial Pb²⁺ concentration (300 mg L^?1) and contact time (40 min) were outlined to enhance Pb²⁺ biosorption from aqueous medium. The Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo first order kinetic model fitted well to the data of Pb²⁺ biosorption, suggesting the biosorption of Pb²⁺ onto C. militaris polysaccharide was monolayer biosorption and physical adsorption might be the rate-limiting step that controlled the adsorption process. FTIR analysis showed that the main functional groups of C. militaris polysaccharide involved in adsorption process were carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups.     

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous thickening and digestion of waste activated sludge

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was studied. During one cycle (15 d) of operation under a hydraulic retention time of 1 d, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) continuously increased from about 4 g·L⁻¹ to 34 g·L⁻¹, and the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) increased from about 3 g·L⁻¹ to over 22 g·L⁻¹. About 42% of the MLVSS and 39% of the MLSS reduction were achieved. The thickening and digestion effects in the MSTD were further analyzed based on a mass balance analysis. Test results showed that biopolymers and cations of biomass were gradually released to the bulk solution during the process. It was also found that the capillary suction time, colloidal chemical oxygen demand, soluble microbial products, viscosity, and MLSS had significant positive correlations with the membrane fouling rate, whereas extracellular polymeric substances, polysaccharides, and proteins extracted from biomass had negative impacts on membrane fouling.     

Influence of hydraulic retention time on behavior of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in aerobic granular reactor treating biogas slurry

Longer HRT can enhance degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole in granular reactor. Longer HRT can reduce accumulated concentrations of TCs and QNs in sludge. Longer HRT may have increased relative abundances of ARGs in aerobic granules. The behavior of antibiotics and the corresponding resistance genes in aerobic granular reactors for treating biogas slurry under different hydraulic retention times (10.7 h, R1; 8 h, R2) was investigated in this study. The results indicated that the hydraulic retention time could affect the effluent concentrations and removal efficiencies of sulfonamides. The average removal rates of tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides were 63%, 46%, and 90% in R1, and 62%, 46%, and 86% in R2, respectively. Although the removal efficiencies of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones were similar in both reactors, the respective accumulated concentrations of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in R1 were 7.00 and 11.15 µg/g SS, which were lower than those in R2 (8.92 and 13.37 µg/g SS, respectively). The difference in the relative abundance of target antibiotic resistance genes between both reactors was not significant, yet the average relative abundances of all target resistance genes in R1 were higher than those in R2 after 45 days of operation. The results of this study suggested that a longer hydraulic retention time could enhance the antibiotic removal ability of aerobic granular sludge, yet it may also increase the risk of surplus sludge utilization from a resistance genes point of view.     

Microplastic contamination in freshwater: first observation in Lake Ulansuhai,Yellow River Basin,China

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Microplastic pollution has been widely studied in the marine environment, but is much less explored in terrestrial waters, notably in China. Therefore, we studied...     

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对斑马鱼血浆和组织匀浆中卵黄蛋白原含量的影响

为了研究低剂量的全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)对水生生物的内分泌干扰效应和作用机制,考察了PFOS对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)血浆和组织匀浆中卵黄蛋白原(vitellogenin,VTG)含量的影响。将雄性和雌性斑马鱼分别暴露于0.1、1、10和100μg·L-1的PFOS中进行21d毒性实验,染毒结束后分别检测雄鱼和雌鱼的血浆、头尾组织匀浆液和全鱼匀浆液中的VTG含量。结果显示:(1)PFOS暴露可引起斑马鱼血浆、全鱼和头尾匀浆液中VTG含量的升高,VTG含量的排序为雌鱼(血浆>>全鱼匀浆>头尾匀浆)>>雄鱼(血浆>全鱼匀浆>>头尾匀浆);(2)PFOS暴露所引起的雄鱼血浆和头尾匀浆中VTG含量的升高与剂量呈负相关关系,暴露浓度为0.1μg·L-1时与对照组相比有显著性差异(p<0.05);(3)雌鱼血浆和头尾匀浆中VTG含量的升高与剂量呈倒U型曲线关系,暴露浓度为10μg·L-1时与对照组相比有显著性差异(p<0.05);(4)雄鱼和雌鱼的全鱼匀浆液中的VTG含量与对照组相比均无显著性差异。研究结果表明,PFOS暴露对斑马鱼的内分泌干扰作用明显,其毒性作用机制可能是类雌激素效应,血液和头尾匀浆液中VTG含量能够作为PFOS内分泌干扰效应评价的敏感生物标志物,但响应曲线可能因性别和组织部位的不同有所差异。     

大宁河水生态系统健康评价

随着人口增长及社会经济的发展,河流水生态系统健康受到严重威胁.为了解大宁河水生态系统健康状况,选取大宁河2011-2015年水体水质[水温、pH、SD（透明度）、ρ（DO）、ρ（COD_Mn）、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）]与水生态[藻密度、ρ（Chla）]9个主要指标,构建了大宁河水生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用基于熵值法的综合健康指数法对其水体生态系统健康状况进行综合评价.结果表明,2011-2015年,大宁河水生态系统健康状况整体呈亚健康状态,有50.89%的监测样本处于亚健康状态,枯水期健康状态好于丰水期.大宁河各监测断面CHI（综合健康指数）值的季节变化特征为丰水期低于枯水期;年际变化特征为从2011-2015年CHI值呈先升后降的变化趋势,健康状态呈先转好后转差的变化趋势,大宁河水体富营养化趋势明显;空间变化特征为丰水期和枯水期CHI最低值主要位于中下游的白水河、龙门和菜子坝断面,河流水质与人类活动强度密切相关.研究显示,影响大宁河水生态系统健康的关键因子为营养盐指标[ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）]和有机物指标[ρ（COD_Mn）].      

扰动对水体富营养化的改善作用

利用人工构建的模拟水体系统,观察搅拌和曝气条件下水体中氮磷含量和形态的变化规律,研究和探讨了扰动对水体富营养化的改善。结果表明：（1）扰动对上覆水体氮的去除效果不明显,但是能够有效促进底泥中氨氮向水体扩散,从而使底泥中氮含量明显降低,运行99 d后,曝气反应器中底泥总氮含量从初始3.46 g.kg-1降至0.68 g.kg-1,仅为对照反应器的1/4;（2）搅拌对上覆水中磷的去除效果最佳,反应器运行期间,总磷的平均去除率为37%左右;（3）扰动能增加底泥中微生物的数量和多样性,为污染物的生物降解提供了良好的基础。合理运用扰动能够提高水中溶解氧含量,改善微生态环境,增加微生物的数量和种类,有利于水体富营养化的改善。     

平板膜-生物反应器净化微污染水源水的研究

利用平板膜-生物反应器恒流运行处理微污染水源水,考察通量为18、25及30 L/m2·h时其运行特性及有机物和氨氮的去除效果.结果表明:3个工况对COD的去除率分别为78.7%、76.9%和80.4%,出水COD低于15 mg/L;3个工况对NH4 -N的去除率分别为90.4%、87.4%和92.8%,出水NH4 -N低于0.5 mg/L;3个工况对UV254的去除率分别为27.5%、28.2%和48.1%.胞外聚合物(EPS)的研究结果表明,其与膜污染之间并没有显著关系,运行通量的选择是影响膜污染和操作运行的一个重要原因.     

有机负荷对膜-生物反应器硝化性能的影响

采用厌氧动态膜-生物反应器(AnDMBR)组合自养膜-生物反应器(MBR)工艺,研究冬季低温条件下系统的硝化效果以及TP的去除效果,并与单级MBR工艺进行对比。结果表明:(1)AnDMBR对COD的去除率基本保持在50%～60%,AnDMBR组合自养MBR工艺对COD的去除率为80%～85%;单级MBR工艺对COD的去除率为80%左右。(2)总体上,AnDMBR组合自养MBR工艺对NH4+-N的去除率大于95%;单级MBR对NH4+-N的去除效果比AnDMBR组合自养MBR工艺差。(3)AnDMBR组合自养MBR工艺中,出水NO2--N与NO3--N均有积累;单级MBR工艺中,出水NO2--N积累不明显。(4)相对于亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB),氨氧化菌(AOB)对有机负荷更敏感,当有机负荷高时,AOB更易受到异养菌活动的抑制;当有机负荷降低、异养菌活性减弱时,AOB活性明显增强,系统的硝化效果得到明显改善。(5)AnDMBR组合自养MBR工艺对TP的去除率高于80%,单级MBR工艺稳定后对TP的去除率仅为20%～30%。(6)从呼吸速率和硝化速率可知,自养MBR的硝化效果优于单级MBR。     

不同消解方法对微塑料质量及其表面特征的影响

为提高微塑料检测的准确性,以10种不同材质的微塑料作为研究对象,使用7种常用的消解液,通过室内实验的方法对消解前后微塑料的质量、荧光强度、表面形态等进行了研究。结果表明：在7种不同的消解方法中,经H₂O₂(30%,25 ℃)消解后,微塑料质量减少了2%~5%,消解后微塑料表面荧光强度略有减弱,表面形态和元素组成变化轻微;在FT-IR红外图谱中,微塑料颗粒的特征峰仍存在,对于微塑料识别无显著影响;而其他6种消解方法均在不同程度上降低了微塑料的质量,并对微塑料表面造成了划痕、深裂缝和鳞状裂片等破坏。以上结果可为环境中微塑料的检测和定量分析提供参考。