自来水给水系统中有机磷酸酯的污染特征及健康风险评价

有机磷酸酯（OPEs）是一种新兴有机污染物,其作为阻燃剂得到了广泛应用,并且在环境介质中普遍检出,但其在自来水系统中的污染特征及饮用水摄入所引起的健康风险鲜有报道.以天津市某自来水处理厂为例,采集了进水-各处理工艺出水-清水池出水-管网末梢水4个季节的水样,分析了13种OPEs的污染特征及其随季节的变化趋势,并评估了饮用水中OPEs对人体造成的健康风险.结果表明,原水中OPEs检出率为100%,其中,氯代类OPEs所占比重最大（53.1%~64.9%）,水处理工艺能去除19.5%~40.3%的OPEs.在水处理工艺与输配过程中OPEs的浓度变化趋势一致,均为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季.龙头水中OPEs对人体造成的致癌风险（10^-10~10^-8）和非致癌风险（10^-8~10^-3）均低于阈值,其中,氯代类OPEs是主要的风险贡献者（占总致癌风险的60%~70%,占总非致癌风险的65%~75%）,应该引起人们的重视.     

沸石强化A/O同步脱氮除磷工艺的生物-化学除磷研究

沸石强化了生物硝化作用,但回流的硝酸盐在A段抑制了聚磷菌释放磷,使生物脱氮工艺无除磷效果,需要化学除磷。铝盐和铁盐均具有很好的化学除磷效果,且与投加位置无关。当按磷与铝的摩尔比1∶1.5投加Al2(SO4)3·18H2O时,磷的去除率在85%以上;当按磷与铁的摩尔比1∶1投加FeSO4·7H2O时,磷的去除率在80%以上;当在A段投加20mgLFeSO4·7H2O和30mgLAl2(SO4)3·18H2O混合除磷剂能去除沸石强化AO生物脱氮工艺90%左右的磷,使磷达到出水排放标准。     

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous thickening and digestion of waste activated sludge

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was studied. During one cycle (15 d) of operation under a hydraulic retention time of 1 d, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) continuously increased from about 4 g·L⁻¹ to 34 g·L⁻¹, and the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) increased from about 3 g·L⁻¹ to over 22 g·L⁻¹. About 42% of the MLVSS and 39% of the MLSS reduction were achieved. The thickening and digestion effects in the MSTD were further analyzed based on a mass balance analysis. Test results showed that biopolymers and cations of biomass were gradually released to the bulk solution during the process. It was also found that the capillary suction time, colloidal chemical oxygen demand, soluble microbial products, viscosity, and MLSS had significant positive correlations with the membrane fouling rate, whereas extracellular polymeric substances, polysaccharides, and proteins extracted from biomass had negative impacts on membrane fouling.     

Effects of cross-wise obstacle position on methane–air deflagration characteristics

A vented chamber, with internal dimensions of 150 mm × 150 mm × 500 mm, is constructed in which the premixed methane–air deflagration flame, propagating away from the ignition source, interacts with obstacles along its path. Three obstacle configurations with different cross-wise positions are investigated. The cross-wise obstacle positions are found to have significant effects on deflagration characteristics, such as flame structure, flame front location, flame speed, and overpressure transients. The rate of flame acceleration, as the flame passes over the last obstacle, is the highest at the configuration with three centrally located obstacles, whereas the lowest is observed at the configuration with three obstacles mounted on one side of the chamber. Compared with the side configuration, the magnitude of overpressure generated increases by approximately 80% and 165% for the central and staggered configurations, respectively. Furthermore, flame propagation speeds and generated overpressures for both the central and staggered configurations are greater, which should to be avoided to reduce the risk associated with turbulent premixed deflagrations in practical processes.     

生物炭和有机肥对菜地土壤N2O排放及硝化、反硝化微生物功能基因丰度的影响

通过室内培养试验和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了田间施用生物炭和有机肥对菜地土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放、氨单加氧酶(amo A)和亚硝酸盐还原酶(nir S、nir K)、氧化亚氮还原酶(nos Z)基因丰度的影响,并探讨功能基因丰度对N_2O排放的影响.试验设置5个处理:CK(对照)、N(尿素)、N+BC(尿素和生物炭)、N+M(尿素和有机肥)和N+BC+M(尿素、生物炭和有机肥).结果表明,与CK处理相比,各施肥处理均降低了土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)丰度,增加了nir K、nir S和nos Z基因丰度,并提高了培养期间N_2O累积排放量.与N处理相比,N+BC处理的土壤p H值提高了11.1%,并增加了AOB、AOA、nir S、nir K和nos Z基因丰度,增幅分别为105.8%、57.3%、22.0%、176.2%和204.9%,同时显著降低了培养期间N_2O累积排放量,降幅为58.1%;N+M处理增加了nir K和nir S基因丰度,增幅分别为58.8%和7.1%,对N_2O排放的影响不显著;N+BC+M处理增加了AOB、nir K、nir S和nos Z基因丰度,增幅分别为30.7%、68.7%、6.5%和84.5%,降低了N_2O累积排放量,降幅为14.4%.生物炭通过增加amo A、nir S和nir K基因丰度间接增加N_2O排放,同时通过增加nos Z基因丰度促进N_2O还原,综合效应表现为降低了菜地土壤N_2O排放.因此,通过施用生物炭改善土壤性质,增加功能基因丰度,降低土壤N_2O排放,是一种较好的N_2O减排措施.施用有机肥可以增加反硝化作用功能基因丰度,但对N_2O减排效果不显著.     

Correction to: Numerical analysis of an 80,000 Nm3/h fly ash entrained-flow gasifier at various burner inclination angles

Environmental Science and Pollution Research -     

改进沉淀法在溶解性无机碳稳定同位素测定中的应用研究

水体中溶解性无机碳(Dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)的稳定碳同位素比值(δ¹³C_DIC)是揭示碳循环过程的重要技术指标。DIC的分离和富集是测定δ¹³C_DIC的基础,也是影响δ¹³C_DIC测定准确度的主要过程之一。沉淀法和气体法均为常用的DIC分离和富集方法。相比于气体法,沉淀法操作流程简单,适用性较强,在δ¹³C_DIC测定过程中具有广阔的应用前景。然而,基于沉淀法的DIC分离和富集过程中常存在碳稳定同位素分馏问题。为此,本研究在综合气体法和沉淀法优缺点的基础上,以超声时间,水浴温度和氮气吹扫速率为自变量,以δ¹³C_DIC的理论值与实测值之间绝对误差的最小化为目标,采用响应面法对传统NaOH-BaCl₂沉淀法进行了改进。基于改进沉淀法测定的δ¹³C_DIC理论值与实测值之间的绝对误差,以及两处城市河流水体平行样品δ¹³C_DIC的标准偏差分别为0.052‰、0.061‰和0.037‰。上述结果表明了该方法在δ¹³C_DIC测定中的有效性和实用性。     

Numerical analysis of an 80,000 Nm3/h fly ash entrained-flow gasifier at various burner inclination angles

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The raw syngas effluent from a fluidized bed gasifier typically contains a large amount of fly ash having a high concentration of carbon, which is...     

海域地震动强度包络模型研究∗

人工模拟地震动是目前开展海洋工程结构抗震分析的主要地震输入分析。强度包络函数是人工模拟地震动的重要参数,决定了地震动的强度非平稳性特性,并对地震动持时起控制作用。目前的地震动强度包络模型均是基于陆域地震动记录统计分析得出,无法准确反应海域地震动的强度特性。因此,基于日本 K?Net 强震动观测台网的实测地震数据库,分析海域地震动在时域中强度分布特性;提出适用于海域地震动的三段式强度包络模型,回归得到震级 M、震中距 R 及关键参数上升段 t₁、强震平稳段 t_s、下降段衰减率 c（无量纲）的计算表达式;研究震级、震中距对海域地震动强度包络模型的影响规律,并探讨海域地震动与陆域地震动强度包络模型的异同。研究结果表明：海域地震动强度包络模型中关键参数上升段 t₁、强震平稳段 t_s、下降段衰减率 c 的取值范围分别为[13~52 s], [12~79 s],[0.037~0.173];震级对关键参数（t₁、t_s、c）的影响要大于震中距;与陆域地震动相比,海域地震动的强度包络模型的下降段衰减率 c 相差显著,且各关键参数的分布范围更大。