Characterization of spatial impact of particles emitted from a cement material production facility on outdoor particle deposition in the surrounding community

The objective of this study was to estimate the contribution of a facility that processes steel production slag into raw material for cement production to local outdoor particle deposition in Camden, NJ. A dry deposition sampler that can house four 37-mm quartz fiber filters was developed and used for the collection of atmospheric particle deposits. Two rounds of particle collection (3-4 weeks each) were conducted in 8-11 locations 200-800 m downwind of the facility. Background samples were concurrently collected in a remote area located -2 km upwind from the facility. In addition, duplicate surface wipe samples were collected side-by-side from each of the 13 locations within the same sampling area during the first deposition sampling period. One composite source material sample was also collected from a pile stored in the facility. Both the bulk of the source material and the < 38 microm fraction subsample were analyzed to obtain the elemental source profile. The particle deposition flux in the study area was higher (24-83 mg/m2 x day) than at the background sites (13-17 mg/m2day). The concentration of Ca, a major element in the cement source production material, was found to exponentially decrease with increasing downwind distance from the facility (P < 0.05). The ratio of Ca/Al, an indicator of Ca enrichment due to anthropogenic sources in a given sample, showed a similar trend. These observations suggest a significant contribution of the facility to the local particle deposition. The contribution of the facility to outdoor deposited particle mass was further estimated by three independent models using the measurements obtained from this study. The estimated contributions to particle deposition in the study area were 1.8-7.4% from the regression analysis of the Ca concentration in particle deposition samples against the distance from the facility, 0-11% from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) source-receptor model, and 7.6-13% from the EPA Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) dispersion model using the particle-size-adjusted permit-based emissions estimates.     

ABR/BAF组合工艺用于高浓度工业废水除碳降氨的实验研究

将ABR和BAF组合工艺应用于高浓度有机工业废水,实验中对比了膜法ABR和泥法ABR的COD去除效率及其氨氮变化规律;BAF工艺对比了HRT=3 h和HRT=4.5 h时COD和氨氮的降解效果。结果表明,在进水流量为2 L/h,进水COD在1 350～2 220 mg/L之间、氨氮在15～73 mg/L范围时,在ABR...     

Vertical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Hunpu wastewater-irrigated area in northeast China under different land use patterns

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in groundwater and soil profiles from upland field and paddy field in the Hunpu wastewater-irrigated area of northeast China. In the study area, the peak concentrations of total PAHs were within or just below the topsoil, and the contents decline with depth at various trend verified by the Spearman's rank correlation test. The total PAH concentrations in upland soil layers ranged from 46.8 to 2,373.0 microg/kg (dry wt.), while the concentrations in paddy soil layers ranged from 23.1 to 1,179.1 microg/kg (dry wt.). The 16 priority PAHs were all detected in the analyzed soil samples, and naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Fla), chrysene (Chr), and benzo[a]pyrene (Bap) were selected for further study in terms of their vertical distributions. The concentrations of both total and individual PAHs in upland soil were generally higher than those in the corresponding layers of paddy soil. The concentrations of total and individual PAH were notably different between the corresponding horizons in upland and paddy soil were probably attribute to the different sources and properties of the PAHs and soil; different methods of soil tillage and plant growing. Special PAH compound ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, LMW/HMW, and parent PAH ratios (Ant/178, Fla/202, BaA/228, and Ilp/276) were used to identify the source of soil PAHs. The data suggests that the possible sources of PAHs in the Hunpu wastewater-irrigation area are the incomplete combustion of coal, petroleum and crude oil, automobile exhausts. These sources lead to pollution of the soil and groundwater by wet/dry deposition and vertical downward migration.     

Influence of inoculating earthworms on removal of pyrene in soils growing Festuca arundinacea

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the potential of inoculating earthworms (Pheretima sp.) in order to enhance phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in soils with the use of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). In particular, experiments with or without inoculating earthworms for removal of pyrene was investigated. Results showed that planting of F. arundinacea enhanced the removal of pyrene at initial content over 70 days approximately 54%–80% but only 12%–24% occurred in non-planted soils. After inoculating earthworms, the dissipation rates of pyrene in planted soils were increased up to 61%–86%, which was 6%–12% higher than those in corresponding soils without inoculating earthworms. Among all possible pathways, the contribution of plant--microbial interactions on removal of pyrene was predominant, either with (46%) or without inoculating earthworms (52%), is the primary mechanism of contaminant removal. Data suggest inoculating earthworms may be a feasible way for reinforcing removal of PAH in contaminated sites.     

Residues and sources of organochlorine pesticides in soils of elementary schools and communities in Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake-affected areas

The disinfectants and pesticides extensively used after Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake on May 12, 2008 (so-called Wenchuan 5.12 Earthquake), for epidemic prevention purpose can raise great concerns of environmental pollution and potential personal exposure. To investigate the soil pollution caused by the intensive application in earthquake-affected areas, surface soil samples from two elementary schools, two communities and two background areas were collected in Beichuan County and Dujiangyan City once per location in spring and in autumn in 2011 and then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The results showed serious soil pollution of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs, 0.05–60.05 ng/g) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDTs, 0.06–35.79 ng/g) in the study areas compared with Wolong Nature Reserve (0.03–0.81 ng/g for HCHs and 0.02–0.40 ng/g for DDTs). The concentrations of most OCPs in soil of Beichuan County (e.g., 0.10–60.05 ng/g for HCHs and 0.17–35.79 ng/g for DDTs) were much higher than those of Dujiangyan City (e.g., 0.05–20.58 ng/g for HCHs and 0.06–10.69 ng/g for DDTs). In Beichuan County, the highest concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were found in the elementary school. In Dujiangyan City, the highest concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were found in the elementary school and the community, respectively. The concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were generally higher in spring than those in autumn. The predominant species (γ-HCH in ∑HCHs and 4,4′-DDT in ∑DDTs) and specific ratios suggested new inputs of lindane and technical DDT in the study areas. Therefore, continuous soil monitoring and possible intervention would be recommended to minimize local residents’ exposure to these toxic chemicals.     

Distribution characteristics of matrix-bound phosphine along the coast of China and possible environmental controls

Matrix-bound phosphine (MBP) concentrations in surface sediments collected from 37 stations along the coast of China in 2006 are reported. MBP was found in all samples and the average concentration was 6.30ngkg(-1)dry weight (dw). The distribution of MBP showed certain spatial variation characteristics with high MBP concentrations at stations near to the coast. The average concentrations of MBP in the northern Yellow Sea (NYS), the southern Yellow Sea (SYS), the northern area of East China Sea (NECS), the southern area of East China Sea (SECS), and South China Sea (SCS) were 5.57+/-3.78, 3.78+/-2.81, 5.27+/-3.07, 5.48+/-4.05 and 13.52+/-7.86ngkg(-1)dw, respectively. The correlations between MBP and influencing factors, such as the sedimentary environmental characteristics (sediment type, the grain size, contents of phosphorous, organic matters and redox potential) and the aquatic environmental characteristics (temperature, salinity, depth and hydrodynamics) were studied. The results indicated that MBP was strongly influenced by various factors, such as total phosphorus (TP), organic phosphorus (OP), organic carbon (OC), the grain size and hydrodynamics, all of which not only offered reasonable interpretations for the distribution characteristics of MBP but also provided evidence to support the viewpoint that phosphine originated from OP decomposition. This work is the first comprehensive study of the distribution of MBP along the coast of China and its relationships with environmental factors which will lead to a better understanding of the phosphorus (P) biogeochemical cycle in the sea.     

Spatial variation of volatile organic compounds in a "Hot Spot" for air pollution

The spatial variations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were characterized in the Village of Waterfront South neighborhood (WFS), a "hot spot" for air toxics in Camden, NJ. This was accomplished by conducting "spatial saturation sampling" for 11 VOCs using 3500 OVM passive samplers at 22 sites in WFS and 16 sites in Copewood/Davis Streets (CDS) neighborhood, an urban reference area located ～1000 m east of the WFS. Sampling durations were 24 and 48 h. For all 3 sampling campaigns (2 in summer and 1 in winter), the spatial variations and median concentrations of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (TEX) were found significantly higher (p < 0.05) in WFS than in CDS, where the spatial distributions of these compounds were relatively uniform. The highest concentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (maximum of 159 μg m(-3)) were always found at one site close to a car scrapping facility in WFS during each sampling campaign. The spatial variation of benzene in WFS was found to be marginally higher (p = 0.057) than in CDS during one sampling campaign, but similar in the other two sampling periods. The results obtained from the analyses of correlation among all species and the proximity of sampling site to source indicated that local stationary sources in WFS have significant impact on MTBE and BTEX air pollution in WFS, and both mobile sources and some of the stationary sources in WFS contributed to the ambient levels of these species measured in CDS. The homogenous spatial distributions (%RSD < 24%) and low concentrations of chloroform (0.02-0.23 μg m(-3)) and carbon tetrachloride (0.45-0.51 μg m(-3)) indicated no significant local sources in the study areas. Further, results showed that the sampling at the fixed monitoring site may under- or over-estimate air pollutant levels in a "hot spot" area, suggesting that the "spatial saturation sampling" is necessary for conducting accurate assessment of air pollution and personal exposure in a community with a high density of sources.     

城市生活污泥和矿化垃圾中氮磷淋失的模拟研究

通过模拟土柱实验,分析了城市生活污泥和矿化垃圾中氮磷的迁移对地下水的影响以及矿化垃圾对氮磷的去除特性.测定项目包括总磷、总氮、硝态氮、pH和电导率(EC).结果表明:施用污泥和矿化垃圾后淋滤液的pH呈下降趋势;EC和总氮都有显著增加;硝态氮增加特别明显,容易造成地下水污染;总磷变化不大,污染地下水的可能性较小.矿化垃圾对氮的去除作用不明显,反而增加了淋滤液中的氮素含量,但对磷的去除效果明显.因此,在利用矿化垃圾取代土壤时,应注意矿化垃圾中氮特别是硝态氮的污染.     

化学氧化法处理资源回收后的J-酸和吐氏酸染料中间体废液

萘系磺酸染料中间体Ｊ－酸和吐氏酸废母液经有用资源的回收后,尚须进行最终出水的达标处理．通过吐氏酸和Ｊ－酸废母液萃余液的后处理试验,确定了盐回收－混凝沉淀－化学氧化的达标处理工艺方案,并确定了相应的工艺参数．其中化学氧化采用Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂（以双氧水作氧化剂,绿矾为催化剂）,在经济合理的投量范围内经２—４ｈ反应,萃余液ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率达８０％以上,最终出水ＣＯＤｃｒ在２００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下,满足有关工业废水排放标准．     

固体废物焚烧中二噁英控制措施探讨

焚烧是解决固体废物污染的1种较有效的方法,但是在焚烧过程中产生的二噁英会对环境造成危害.阐述了二噁英的危害和在固体废物焚烧中的产生途径.从燃烧前、燃烧中、燃烧后3个阶段.论述了二噁英的污染控制技术.提出了控制二噁英的具体措施.