基于天地协同的巢湖水华分布特征分析

基于MODIS影像监测2016年巢湖蓝藻水华分布,结果表明：水华的频次,持续时间从西北部水域向东南部水域逐渐减弱;西半湖湖心水华开始日期最早（5月19日）,持续时间最长为131d,塘西水华发生频次较多（10次）.进一步将水华遥感监测结果与同步水面实测水质参数数据（藻密度,叶绿素a,总氮,总磷）进行相关性分析,利用Q型聚类分析将水面实测采样点分为东区和西区两部分.西区藻密度,叶绿素a,总氮,总磷和水华面积相关性较强（R²均大于0.6）.     

Comparison of the effects of aluminum and iron(III) salts on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling in drinking water treatment

Coagulation plays an important role in alleviating membrane fouling, and a noticeable problem is the development of microorganisms after long-time operation, which gradually secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). To date, few studies have paid attention to the behavior of microorganisms in drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Herein, the membrane biofouling was investigated with different aluminum and iron salts. We found that Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O performed better in reducing membrane fouling due to the slower growth rate of microorganisms. In comparison to Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, more EPS were induced with Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O, both in the membrane tank and the sludge on the cake layer. We also found that bacteria were the major microorganisms, of which the concentration was much higher than those of fungi and archaea. Further analyses showed that Proteobacteria was dominant in bacterial communities, which caused severe membrane fouling by forming a biofilm, especially for Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O. Additionally, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were relatively higher in the presence of Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, resulting in less severe biofouling by effectively degrading the protein and polysaccharide in EPS. As a result, in terms of microorganism behaviors, Al-based salts should be given preference as coagulants during actual operations.     

The production of formaldehyde and hydroxyacetone in methacrolein photooxidation: New insights into mechanism and effects of water vapor

Methacrolein(MACR) is an abundant multifunctional carbonyl compound with high reactivity in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigated the hydroxyl radical initiated oxidation of MACR at various NO/MACR ratios(0 to 4.04) and relative humidities( 3% to80%) using a flow tube. Meanwhile, a box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism was performed to test our current understanding of the mechanism. In contrast to the reasonable predictions for hydroxyacetone production, the modeled yields of formaldehyde(HCHO) were twice higher than the experimental results. The discrepancy was ascribed to the existence of unconsidered non-HCHO forming channels in the chemistry of CH_3-UC(=CH_2)OO, which account for approx. 50%. In addition, the production of hydroxyacetone and HCHO were affected by water vapor as well as the initial NO/MACR ratio. The yields of HCHO were higher under humid conditions than that under dry condition. The yields of hydroxyacetone were higher under humid conditions at low-NO_x level, while lower at high-NOxlevel. The reasonable explanation for the lower hydroxyacetone yield under humid conditions at high-NO_x level is that water vapor promotes the production of Umethacrolein nitrate in the reaction of HOCH_2 C(CH_3)(OO)CHO with NO due to the peroxy radical-water complex formation, which was evidenced by calculational results. And the minimum equilibrium constant of this water complex formation was estimated to be 1.89 × 10~(-18) cm~3/molecule. These results provide new insights into the MACR oxidation mechanism and the effects of water vapor.     

Effect of Trichoderma viride biofertilizer on ammonia volatilization from an alkaline soil in Northern China

Ammonia(NH3) volatilization is one of the primary pathways of nitrogen(N) loss from soils after chemical fertilizer is applied, especially from the alkaline soils in Northern China, which results in lower efficiency for chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we conducted an incubation experiment using an alkaline soil from Tianjin(p H 8.37–8.43) to evaluate the suppression effect of Trichoderma viride(T. viride) biofertilizer on NH3 volatilization, and compared the differences in microbial community structure among all samples. The results showed that viable T. viride biofertilizer(T) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 42.21% compared with conventional fertilizer((CK), urea), while nonviable T. viride biofertilizer(TS) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 32.42%. NH_3 volatilization was significantly higher in CK and sweet potato starch wastewater(SPSW) treatments during the peak period. T. viride biofertilizer also improved the transfer of ammonium from soil to sweet sorghum. Plant dry weights increased 91.23% and 61.08% for T and TS, respectively, compared to CK. Moreover, T. viride biofertilizer enhanced nitrification by increasing the abundance of ammonium-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria(AOB). The results of high-throughput sequencing indicated that the microbial community structure and composition were significantly changed by the application of T. viride biofertilizer. This study demonstrated the immense potential of T. viride biofertilizer in reducing NH_3 volatilization from alkaline soil and simultaneously improving the utilization of fertilizer N by sweet sorghum.     

Effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth in drinking water distribution systems

The effects of O_3/Cl_2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors(ARs).The corrosion process and most probable number(MPN) analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2 induced higher Fe_3O_4 formation in corrosion scales.These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl_2 alone.O_3/Cl_2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria.Moreover,ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties.The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection.Compared with the AR treated with Cl_2 alone,the opportunistic pathogens M.avium and L.pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2,and decreased to(4.60 ± 0.14) and(3.09 ± 0.12) log10(gene copies/g corrosion scales) in biofilms,respectively.The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2.Therefore,O_3/C_l2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.     

Assessment of column aerosol optical properties using ground-based sun-photometer at urban Harbin, Northeast China

Aerosol plays a key role in determining radiative balance, regional climate and human health. Severe air pollution over Northeast China in recent years urges more comprehensive studies to figure out the adverse effects caused by excessive aerosols. In this study, column aerosol measurements over urban Harbin, a metropolis located at the highest latitude in Northeast China, during May 2016 to March 2017 were conducted using a CIMEL sun-photometer to analyze local aerosol properties and its variation from different aspects. According to the observations, aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AOD₄₄₀) ranges from 0.07 up to 1.54, and the large variability in both AOD₄₄₀ and Angstrom Exponent (AE_440–870) indicates the frequent change of aerosol types due of different emission sources. Coarse mode particles dominated Harbin during the studying period because of the long-range transported dust and probably the suspended snow crystals in winter. As the wavelength increases, relatively consistent decrease trends of single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry factor (ASY) were observed in spring, autumn, and winter, indicating the presence of absorbing polluted aerosols. Mixed type (MIX) aerosol dominated the study region with a total percentage of 34%, and biomass burning and urban industry (BB/UI), clean continental (CC), and desert dust (DD) aerosols were found to be 31%, 27%, and 8%, respectively. The current work fills up the optical characteristics of aerosols in Harbin, and will contribute to the in-depth understanding of local aerosol variation and regional climate change over Northeast China.     

西洞庭湖入湖河流磷的污染特征

为识别西洞庭湖长江三口分流来水与洞庭湖水系河流来水磷元素的污染特征,于2016年1-12月在西洞庭湖的主要入湖河流松滋河（三口分流河道）、沅江和澧水（洞庭湖水系河流）开展了水文水质同步调查,研究了入湖河流中磷浓度和组成的时空分布特征,剖析了水文因素对磷污染特征的影响,探究了磷的来源结构.结果表明,3条主要入湖河流流量平均值表现为沅江（1 718 m3/s）>松滋河（935 m3/s）>澧水（884 m3/s）,ρ（TP）平均值表现为沅江（0.070 mg/L） < 澧水（0.077 mg/L） < 松滋河（0.138 mg/L）;沅江的年均入湖磷通量（4 177.26 t/a）对于西洞庭湖磷污染而言仍起主导作用;沅江、澧水与松滋河的磷的形态以DTP（溶解态磷,占比为78.56%~90.19%）为主,并且松滋河DTP占比（90.19%）显著高于沅江和澧水（78.56%~83.34%）.进一步的分析显示,3条河流的磷污染状况受水文因素影响显著,沅江和澧水磷浓度表现为汛期高于非汛期,磷的主要来源为非点源;松滋河的磷浓度表现为非汛期高于汛期,汛期主要取决于长江来水状况,非汛期主要取决于松滋口以下区间的点源污染状况.研究显示,3条河流磷浓度和形态均具有时空差异性,并且年内变化规律差异较大.      

基于AGA-PP的农村公共安全综合风险评价方法

为了构建一套有效评价农村公共安全风险的指标体系和评价方法,考虑农村环境承载力影响因素对农村公共安全的制约,围绕农村生态承载力、基础设施承载力、社会承载力和人口承载力4个维度,提出能够全面评价农村公共安全风险的指标体系和基于PP（projection pursuit,投影寻踪）模型的风险评价方法.在风险评价方法构建上,采用AGA（accelerated genetic algorithm,加速遗传算法）对PP模型进行改进,实现投影指标函数的快速优化,在此基础上,采用回归分析方法,将时间序列与一维投影值进行拟合,求得一维投影值的预测曲线,通过对一维投影值的预测,利用信息扩散理论将投影值所携带的风险信息扩散至设定的4个风险等级上,用风险熵计算农村环境承载力发展趋势,并借以评价农村公共安全的风险大小.结果表明:基于AGA-PP的评价方法能够最大限度暴露多维指标数据的结构特征.依据最佳投影方向获得的一维投影值与时间序列拟合后,其拟合精度达到0.027 1,较高的拟合精度保证了后续农村环境承载力风险熵值的可信度,这在一定程度上保证了农村公共安全风险评价的可靠性.研究显示,从农村环境承载力的视角评价农村公共安全风险能够很好地反映农村公共安全风险的现实状况和发展趋势.基于AGA-PP的农村公共安全评价方法简单有效,具有评价精度高且与实际吻合度高的特征,能够为公共安全管理部门提供决策依据和方法参考.      

哈尔滨市磨盘山水源地环境状况评估与保护对策研究

磨盘山水库作为哈尔滨市城区主水源,确保其水源地环境安全是我市重要的民生保障。以《集中式饮用水水源地环境保护状况评估技术规范》(HJ 774-2015)为依据,对哈尔滨市磨盘山水源地2016年环境状况进行了评估。结果表明,磨盘山水源2016年度综合评估得分为98.13分,属于优秀水源。取水保证状况评估得分10分,评估结果属于优秀;水源达标状况得分60分,评估结果属于优秀;管理状况评估得分28.125分,评估结果属于优秀。针对评估结论提出了相应的保护对策,为哈尔滨市磨盘山水源地保护和环境管理工作提供了科学依据。     

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

The occurrence and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a typical process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) were investigated systematically in this study. P5CDFs and H6CDFs were the main congeners of PCDD/Fs, while only low levels of other PCDD/Fs were detected in the samples. The concentrations of PCBs were up to 4614 ng/g in the semi-manufactured products, and 1797 ng/g in the product p-DCB. It was also found that high chlorinated PCB congeners increased with the further chlorination. The levels of PCDD/Fs decreased obviously in the purification process, while PCBs could not be removed effectively. Polychlorophenols and other important dioxin precursors (1,4-dichloro-2-phenoxybenzene and 2-phenyl-2',5,5'-trichlorophenol) were also analyzed. Polychlorophenols which ortho- and para-positions of the hydroxyl were substituted by chlorine were the main congeners. In addition, a possible pathway of the formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the production of p-DCB was presented. The results of this article suggest that re-estimation on the risk of using p-DCB products, especially the products for daily use such as mothballs, is expected.