深圳冬季大气气态硝酸和硝酸盐气粒分配特征

利用双通道在线气体和气溶胶分析仪（MARGA）在深圳冬季同时观测了PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性无机离子及气态前体物浓度变化,以探究气态硝酸（HNO₃）和颗粒态硝酸盐（pNO₃^-）的气粒分配特征.结果表明,气态硝酸和颗粒态硝酸盐总和TNO₃（TNO₃=HNO₃+pNO₃^-）中,气态HNO₃、细颗粒NO₃^-和粗颗粒NO₃^-三个部分的占比分别为9.6%、56.8%和33.6%.TNO₃浓度日变化呈现双峰特征,上午峰值来自于细颗粒态NO₃^-增加,由交通早高峰排放NO_x转化生成所致;白天光化学反应使TNO₃的3个部分浓度均增加,TNO₃在下午17：00达到全天峰值.相关分析表明,低温有利于NO₃^-以NH₄NO₃存在于细颗粒态;TNO₃浓度较高时,细颗粒态NO₃^-占比亦升高.     

徐州市气溶胶光学厚度与PM2.5相关性及年周期特征

基于徐州市2014～2017年气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、地面监测站PM_(2.5)浓度及气象数据,构建经标高订正的AOD(AOD/H)与经湿度订正的PM_(2.5)(PM_(2.5)×f_((RH)))之间的5种不同类型的拟合模型,分析两者在不同季节的相关性;同时利用经验模态分解对AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))进行周期变化分析。结果表明:AOD与PM_(2.5)浓度直接相关程度较低,经过订正后两者的相关程度显著提高;选取乘幂模型为最优拟合模型,利用乘幂模型估计得到的PM_(2.5)浓度与地面监测的经湿度订正的PM_(2.5)浓度呈显著正相关,相关系数在四季分别达到0.752、0.650、0.808和0.942;利用经验模态分解分析得到AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))具有显著的年周期变化特征,均在冬季出现高值,后逐渐降低,在6月前后出现极小值,到秋季又逐渐增大;AOD/H与PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))年变化特征表现出很高的一致性(r=0.888),表明在徐州地区AOD/H对PM_(2.5)×f_((RH))在年周期尺度变化特征研究中能起到良好的指示作用。     

上海交通沿线农田土壤中PAHs分布特征及源解析

为探讨交通干线对周围农田土壤环境中16种优先多环芳烃（PAHs）累积的影响,采集了上海市交通干线旁与道路垂向分布的70个农田土壤表层样品及2个土壤柱样品,系统分析了土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量、组成及来源.结果表明上海交通干线旁农田表层土壤PAHs含量范围为23.16~21250.25ng/g,平均值为928.16ng/g,且随着与防护林距离的增加呈现出先下降后增加而后又下降的趋势,农田土壤柱中PAHs含量则表现出随着距土壤深度的增加而上升的趋势.基于正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型及特征因子比值法的来源辨析结果,表明表层土壤和土壤柱中的PAHs均主要来源于煤、生物质的燃烧及交通排放.     

灞河流域DOM荧光光谱特征及其对细菌组成的影响

为了探讨溶解性有机质（DOM）来源组成对细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,以及细菌群落结构在控制DOM组成及降解中的作用,本研究基于三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）技术研究了灞河水体枯水期（12月）DOM的荧光组分特征及空间分布变化;采用高通量测序技术分析了水体中细菌群落特征.结果表明：灞河水体DOM荧光组分中含有3个腐殖质类组分（C1：240,320/400nm;C2：260-295/478-504nm;C5：240/480nm）和2个蛋白类组分（C3：240,272~284/350~360nm;C4：255~275/326~336nm）,5组分之间相关性较好,表明这2类荧光组分具有相似的来源属性;灞河水体门水平中相对丰度最高的为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,54.22%）,其次为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,19.40%）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,12.28%）、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria,6.46%）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria,3.13%）;河流水体中的营养盐含量、水温、电导率及pH值均对细菌群落组成有一定影响.DOM各组分与浮游菌群表现出一定相关关系,且腐殖类和蛋白类组分沿河流纵向梯度对比明显,不同细菌群落对DOM的质量和不稳定性可能有不同的反应.本研究可为河流生物地球化学过程对微生物种群组成和功能影响的研究提供一定的基础数据.     

基于因子分析法的庐山文化遗产旅游竞争力评价研究

文化遗产是我国遗产资源最重要的组成部分之一,发展文化遗产旅游对文化遗产的开发与保护有着至关重要的影响,研究文化遗产旅游竞争力是为了更好地发展文化遗产旅游.从影响文化遗产旅游竞争力的因素着手,构建了文化遗产旅游竞争力的综合评价指标体系,运用因子分析法对其进行定量评价,结合庐山进行实例分析,建立相应的综合评价模型,提出了提升庐山文化遗产旅游竞争力的建议.     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

Pd/silicalite-1: An highly active catalyst for the oxidative removal of toluene

Catalytic combustion is thought as an efficient and economic pathway to remove volatile organic compounds, and its critical issue is the development of high-performance catalytic materials. In this work, we used the in situ synthesis method to prepare the silicalite-1 (S-1)-supported Pd nanoparticles (NPs). It is found that the as-prepared catalysts displayed a hexagonal prism morphology and a surface area of 390−440 m²/g. The sample (0.28Pd/S-1-H) derived after reduction at 500°C in 10 vol% H₂ showed the best catalytic activity for toluene combustion (T_50% = 180°C and T_90% = 189°C at a space velocity of 40,000 mL/(g·hr), turnover frequency (TOF_Pd) at 160°C = 3.46 × 10⁻³ sec⁻¹, and specific reaction rate at 160°C = 63.8 µmol/(g_Pd·sec)), with the apparent activation energy (41 kJ/mol) obtained over the best-performing 0.28Pd/S-1-H sample being much lower than those (51−70 kJ/mol) obtained over the other samples (0.28Pd/S-1-A derived from calcination at 500°C in air, 0.26Pd/S-1-im derived from the impregnation route, and 0.27Pd/ZSM-5-H prepared after reduction at 500°C in 10 vol% H₂). Furthermore, the 0.28Pd/S-1-H sample possessed good thermal stability and its partial deactivation due to CO₂ or H₂O introduction was reversible, but SO₂ addition resulted in an irreversible deactivation. The possible pathways of toluene oxidation over 0.28Pd/S-1-H was toluene → p-methylbenzoquinone → maleic anhydride, benzoic acid, benzaldehyde → carbon dioxide and water. We conclude that the good dispersion of Pd NPs, high adsorption oxygen species concentration, large toluene adsorption capacity, strong acidity, and more Pd⁰ species were responsible for the good catalytic performance of 0.28Pd/S-1-H.     

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5/PM1.0) in Beijing, China: Variations and chemical compositions as well as sources

Particulate matter (i.e., PM_1.0 and PM_2.5), considered as the key atmospheric pollutants, exerts negative effects on visibility, global climate, and human health by associated chemical compositions. However, our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013–2017. Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing. Here, we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018–2019. Results indicate that annual mean PM_1.0 and PM_2.5 concentrations were 35.49 ± 18.61 µg/m³ and 66.58 ± 60.17 µg/m³, showing a positive response to emission controls. The contribution of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes. Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM_1.0 and PM_2.5 in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1–2.5 µm. Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter, respectively. Results from positive matrix factorization (PMF) combined with potential source contribution function (PSCF) models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent, secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing. Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing, which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries.     

多硫化钙与亚铁盐联用去除工业废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)

还原稳定化修复技术是当前重金属污染修复领域的主要技术,其中,重金属去除率和环境扰动是评价修复效果的重要指标.以不同pH重铬酸钾溶液模拟Cr(Ⅵ)污染水体,分别研究了多硫化钙、硫酸亚铁和二者联用对水体重金属Cr(Ⅵ)的还原稳定性,同时考察了环境因素对药剂联用的影响并探究各药剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除机理.结果表明:当多硫化钙与硫酸亚铁投加比例为1:2时,药剂联用对Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr的去除效果均优于单独施加药剂时的去除效果且还原产物较稳定,对体系扰动作用相对较小;低pH和较高温度有利于联用药剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,HCO3-、Cl-、Mn2+的加入有利于去除Cr(Ⅵ),Fe3+对 Cr(Ⅵ)去除表现为低浓度抑制、高浓度促进;经反应产物成分分析,多硫化钙与硫酸亚铁反应生成了具有催化效果的FeS,提高了修复效果.以上研究结果可为后期Cr(Ⅵ)污染水体的控制和修复提供参考.     

The impact of Bt maize expressing the Cry1Ac protein on non-target arthropods

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - From 2014 to 2016, individuals of the principal non-target arthropod (NTA) species in a field of Bt maize expressing the Cry1Ac protein (Bt38) were...