Combined toxicity of three chlorophenols 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol to Daphnia magna

The toxicity of single and combined mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) to Daphnia magna was studied. The toxicity ranking of these three single chlorophenols (CPs) to Daphnia magna was PCP > 2,4-DCP > 2,4,6-TCP. The toxic units (TU) approach was used to estimate the combined effects in experiments, the median effective concentration (EC(50)) values were 0.87-1.21 and 0.46-0.59 for binary and ternary mixtures, respectively. Response surface models of General Linear Models (R(2) > 0.90, residual deviation < 3.25) were established for all three binary mixtures. The toxicity for ternary mixtures based on the EC(50)-value and 10% effective concentration (EC(10))-value fixed mixture ratio presented a synergism. The risk based on the single CP's toxicity test may be underestimated. In addition, four approaches (concentration addition, toxicity equivalency factors, effect summation, and independent action) were used for the calculation of combined effects of the mixture. The experimental results showed that concentration addition and toxicity equivalency factor approaches were effective methods for calculation of additive effects of mixtures from binary systems of CPs; while independent action and effect summation (low simulated tail) predicted lower toxicity than experimental results. Limitations of the traditional focus on the effects of single agents were highlighted; hazard assessments ignoring the possibility of joint action of CPs will almost certainly lead to significant underestimations of risk.     

生物炭在土壤中的老化及其吸附重金属的研究进展

综述了生物炭在土壤中的老化机制及主要影响因素方面的研究进展,指出生物炭的理化性质和结构表征在土壤中发生变化是其老化机制,生物炭的特性、土壤特性和环境条件等因素共同影响着生物炭的老化。总结了老化生物炭在土壤中对重金属吸附的影响,生物炭在老化过程中理化性质和结构表征的变化影响了生物炭-土壤体系对重金属的吸附,并且吸附能力因老化方式和重金属不同而存在差异。提出了开展多种重金属共存条件下老化生物炭的吸附效果和机理研究、针对生物炭田间实际老化过程对土壤重金属的吸附行为开展季节性和多年长期观测研究,以及对生物炭修复的重金属污染土壤在生物炭老化过程中可能造成的环境和健康风险开展综合、长期的跟踪研究与评估等展望。     

沙尘暴的成因与防治措施初探

针对今春我国北方地工百北京连续７次的扬尘和沙尘暴龙击,分析其成因及危害,提出了防治沙尘暴的具体措施及建议,为沙尘暴的有效治理提供一定的科学依据和参考。     

室内空气污染调查

为了解室内空气污染状况,广州市环境监测中心站对刚装修不久的10套私人居室和5家单位办公室的室内空气进行了监测。结果表明,甲醛、苯、NH3、NOx浓度超标,最高超标倍数分别为：甲醛22.0倍,苯3.01倍,NH3 2.58倍,NOx0.30倍。指出,这些污染物主要来源于装修材料和建筑材料,会对人体健康造成危害。提出,为防止室内空气污染,应从源头抓起,装修时尽量选用低毒或无毒的材料,装修后的居室或办公室要保持通风,以降低室内污染物浓度,进驻前请有关权威部门进行监测评估。另外可在室内摆放绿色植物,以吸附一些有毒化合物。     

Occurrence and removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wastewater treatment plants in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, Chongqing, China

Concentrations of six endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), bisphenol A (BPA), estrone (E(1)), 17β-estradiol (E(2)), estriol (E(3)), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE(2)) and diethylstilbestrol (DES), were assessed in influents, effluents and excess sludge in ten municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area, Chongqing, China. Three types of activated sludge treatment processes, oxidation ditch (OD), reversed anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (rA(2)/O) technology and sequential batch reactor (SBR), were used in the surveyed WWTPs. These WWTPs were all combined landfill leachate-sewage treatment plants. All analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) in the dissolved phase and by accelerated solvent-based extraction (ASE) in sludge. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the analysis of EDCs. Among these EDCs, BPA was the most frequently detected and abundant compound (100.0-10566.7 ng L(-1), 15.5-1210.7 ng L(-1) and 85.0-2470.4 ng g(-1) with respect to the influents, effluents and excess sludge samples). The greatest levels of steroidal estrogens in municipal influents were observed in E(3) which were all >100 ng L(-1), followed by E(1) (42.2-110.7 ng L(-1)) and E(2) (7.4-32.7 ng L(-1)), and in the effluents and sludge were E(1) > E(3) > E(2) which were all <31 ng L(-1) and 105 ng g(-1), respectively. Regarding synthetic estrogens, EE(2) was frequently detected in the influents, occurring below 50 ng L(-1), while DES was not detected at all. A high correlation coefficient was observed between the leachate-sludge ratio and concentrations of influent EDCs, and it was statistically significant (i.e., R > 0.65, P < 0.05), but removal efficiency of the EDCs did not show significant differences with OD, rA(2)/O and SBR processes. Furthermore, modification of treatment technology as well as operational parameters, such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), sludge retention time (SRT) and disinfection process (DP), were recommended to further eliminate the residual EDCs.     

大型UASB处理阿维菌素废水厌氧污泥颗粒化研究

采用大型UASB反应器处理阿维菌素废水,接种好氧絮状污泥,经过189 d运行,成功实现了厌氧污泥颗粒化.通过调节反应器进水水质控制进水中阿维菌素浓度和长时间培养驯化,阿维菌素对厌氧消化的抑制影响基本消除.UASB反应器进水pH值4～5、COD 8890～12 100 mg/L、容积负荷达到10.5 kg COD/m3·d,COD去除率稳定在85%以上,出水COD为1308～1670 mg/L.     

植物源杀虫剂川楝素对环境生物安全性评价

评价农药对环境中非靶标生物的毒性是新农药开发应用的重要环节.依据国家环境保护局"化学农药环境安全评价试验准则",测定了78%川楝素原粉和0.5%川楝素乳油对生态环境中非靶标生物的毒性,并进行了安全性评价.结果表明,川楝素原粉对鹌鹑、家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、瓢虫、蝌蚪等非靶标生物均为低毒;川楝素乳油对家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、瓢虫等均为低毒,对家蚕的生长发育具有一定的影响,对鹌鹑中毒,对蝌蚪高毒.可见,植物源杀虫剂川楝素对环境非靶标生物毒性低、较为安全,但在水田及桑园应慎用0.5%川楝素乳油.     

城市污水处理厂二级出水深度处理回用的设计与运行

将城市污水作为工业循环冷却补充水的水源已成为世界各国解决缺水问题的主要方案之一,但二级出水水质不符合循环冷却水对CODCr、硬度、氮、磷等指标要求,必须对其进行深度处理才能回用。本设计采用生物接触氧化+絮凝沉淀+机械搅拌澄清+连续动态过滤+消毒工艺,其出水补充至电厂循环冷却水系统。运行实践表明,该工艺处理效率高,动力消耗少,出水水质达到循环冷却水水质标准,且经过对工艺的改进完善,使操作更加简便,设备运行更加稳定。     

转炉除尘水用于烧结烟气脱硫的实验

在实验室进行转炉除尘水脱除模拟烧结烟气中二氧化硫的模拟实验。考察风速、入口二氧化硫浓度、液气比、反应接触时间、温度等因素对脱硫率的影响。研究表明,在设计的实验条件下,通过对实验参数的控制,用转炉除尘水可以取得很好的脱硫效果。