纳米锐钛型TiO2催化超声降解甲基对硫磷农药的研究

采用高温活化处理过的纳米锐钛型TiO2 为催化剂,研究了各种因素对有机磷农药的代表性化合物———甲基对硫磷超声降解反应的影响.结果表明,在纳米锐钛型TiO2 的作用下,甲基对硫磷的超声降解效果明显优于单纯使用超声的降解.降解过程符合一级动力学反应.在超声波频率40kHz,输出功率5 0W ,催化剂用量10 0 0mg·L- 1 ,pH为5 0 0 ,温度为2 0℃,甲基对硫磷水溶液初始浓度5 0mg·L- 1 的条件下,5 0min时的降解率即可达到95 %以上.     

医院医疗废水集中处理技术探讨

阐述了医院污水处理方法,重点评述了CASS工艺、沼气技术处理工艺等目前改进型或替代型的生物处理工艺。对目前较先进,也较常用的二氧化氯消毒剂、二氧化氯发生器进行了分析。展望了医院污水处理技术的发展趋势。     

Catalytic detoxification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in fly ash

An efficient catalytic detoxification method for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ash produced by municipal waste incinerator has been studied using palladium on carbon (Pd/C) catalyst. As one of the trace components in fly ash, the detoxification of PCDD/Fs is very difficult because of the interferences of other persistent components with higher concentrations. However, the detoxification reaction of PCDD/Fs shows higher activity in water/isopropanol solution using commercial Pd/C catalyst at 40 degrees C under normal pressure. The results indicated that the catalytic degradation of PCDFs has been found to be easier than that of PCDDs. Moreover, the dechlorination ratios were higher for octa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners than those for tetra- and penta-chlorinated ones. The detoxification process worked well in water. The dechlorination efficiencies of almost all of the PCDD/Fs congeners can reach over 99% within a shorter reaction time.     

低温等离子体氧化氨气影响因素及动力学研究

采用电晕放电低温等离子体处理模拟氨气恶臭气体,考察了输入功率、初始浓度、气体湿度、停留时间等因素对降解效果和能量效率的影响,同时对反应过程进行了动力学研究。研究表明,输入功率以及停留时间对氨气降解的影响是积极的,但能量效率随着两者的增加先增大后减小。氨气的降解率随着初始浓度的增加而降低,而能量效率随着输入功率的增加而增加。氨气降解率和能量效率均随着气体湿度的增加而增加,当气体湿度为45%时达到最大值,然而随着气体湿度的进一步增加,其降解率和能量效率反而降低。反应尾气中臭氧浓度随着输入功率的增加而不断升高,而氨气的存在却使臭氧浓度有不同程度的降低。对电晕放电低温等离子体处理NH3的反应动力学进行了分析,得到NH3的反应速率常数为kNH3=0.0707 m3/(W·h)。     

混合液回流比对MSBR工艺强化生物脱氮的影响

针对二级城镇污水处理厂提标改造时出水氮、磷指标很难同时达到一级A标准（GB18918-2002）的情况,提出了改良式序批式反应器（MSBR）的强化生物脱氮运行模式,并通过生产性实验研究了MSBR工艺混合液回流比（6单元回流至5单元）对出水COD、TP、NH4＋-N及TN的影响。实验结果表明,MSBR工艺混合液回流比对COD、NH4＋-N去除基本上没有影响,但对TN和TP去除有影响。当回流比从0提高1和1．5时,TP去除效率分别降低了5．85％和4．06％;而TN去除效率分别提高了10．46％和7．87％,同时出水TN可稳定达到一级A标的要求。从控制运行能耗和脱氮效果的角度综合考虑,该污水厂强化生物脱氮的混合液回流比控制在1是比较合适的。     

Urinary metabolite levels of pyrethroid insecticides in infants living in an agricultural area of the Province of Jiangsu in China

Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively and increasingly applied in agricultural and residential environments in China. Children’s exposure to pesticides attracted global concerns because of their particular vulnerability. Several studies have reported residual pyrethroid levels in urine both in adults and in children. However, few published data focused on very young infants. The study aimed to assess exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in young infants and investigate the potential influence factors on pyrethroid exposure levels. Data on pyrethroids exposure was based on questionnaire items and measurement of urinary metabolite levels among 481 infants. We detected pyrethroid metabolites of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA and trans-DCCA) in urine using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Median values for urinary pyrethroid metabolites in these infants were 0.39 μg L^?1 for 3-PBA, 0.18 μg L^?1 for cis-DCCA, 0.92 μg L^?1 for trans-DCCA, respectively. About 60.9% of the infants had urinary concentrations of three pyrethroid metabolites that were above the level of 0.10 μg L^?1 (limit of detection, LOD). These findings of the urinary metabolites were comparable or slightly higher than those children from the other countries. From questionnaire, we learned that more than 70% of households reported that they or family members had applied mosquito repellents in infants. Above data indicated the need to assess the potential adverse effects of pyrethroids exposure on infants in order to take adequate measures to protect them from pesticide exposures during early childhood.     

应用大型底栖无脊椎动物评价常州市“清水工程生态修复”示范河道的研究

通过连续两年对常州市19条"清水工程生态修复"示范河道大型底栖无脊椎动物(以下简称底栖动物)的调查,了解市区河道底栖动物群落现状及发展趋势,同时从底栖动物群落多样性的角度评价各河道生态修复的效果,并利用污染生物效应指数(BPI)评估河道水质及生态变化发展趋势。结果发现,各调查河道底栖动物群落结构和多样性的指标与污染生物效应评价结果相互印证,保持高度一致性。2011年各河道的底栖动物群落结构完整性、种群多样性均较2010年有所提升,BPI则较2010年有所下降。说明在这些河道实施的生态修复工程具有一定成效,有望实现城市河道水体生态循环系统的全面恢复。     

Secondary aerosol formation in winter haze over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,China

• Characteristics and interannual variation of aerosol pollution are illustrated. • Mechanisms of secondary aerosol formation in winter haze of North China are reviewed. • Directions in future studies of secondary aerosol formation are provided. Severe haze pollution occurs frequently in the winter over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region (China), exerting profound impacts on air quality, visibility, and human health. The Chinese Government has taken strict mitigation actions since 2013 and has achieved a significant reduction in the annual mean PM_2.5 concentration over this region. However, the level of secondary aerosols during heavy haze episodes showed little decrease during this period. During heavy haze episodes, the concentrations of secondary aerosol components, including sulfate, nitrate and secondary organics, in aerosol particles increase sharply, acting as the main contributors to aerosol pollution. To achieve effective control of particle pollution in the BTH region, the precise and complete secondary aerosol formation mechanisms have been investigated, and advances have been made about the mechanisms of gas phase reaction, nucleation and heterogeneous reactions in forming secondary aerosols. This paper reviews the research progress in aerosol chemistry during haze pollution episodes in the BTH region, lays out the challenges in haze formation studies, and provides implications and directions for future research.     

Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and epoxide hydrolase 1 play roles in asthma

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Asthma, as one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adults, is a consequence of complex gene–environment interactions. Polycyclic...     

厌氧氨氧化菌接种污泥的选择培养过程研究

厌氧氨氧化菌的2种不同接种污泥培养实验表明,厌氧消化污泥和好氧硝化污泥均可成功启动厌氧氨氧化过程.接种厌氧消化污泥比好氧硝化污泥培养的厌氧氨氧化菌启动快,但后者去除效果较好.接种好氧硝化污泥的反应器的厌氧氨氧化速率随着氨氮基质进水浓度的增加呈线性增加.进水氨氮浓度为280 mg/L时的氨氮平均去除率达91%;而接种厌氧消化污泥的相应氨氮平均去除率仅为52%.厌氧氨氧化过程以接种好氧硝化污泥来启动为宜.