基坑开挖引起邻侧盾构隧道开裂特性研究*

为探究基坑开挖导致邻侧既有盾构隧道出现开裂破损而带来的不利影响,采用地层-结构法与荷载-结构法相结合的计算方法,同时考虑内置钢筋对混凝土的加强作用,精细化地模拟基坑开挖影响下,非连续盾构管片结构接头处裂缝的扩展过程,揭示其开裂机制。研究结果表明:基坑开挖过程中,管片衬砌“横鸭蛋”变形模式决定了其开裂范围,即左、右拱腰附近为主开裂区;管片的裂损特征为纵向裂缝,初始裂缝由左、右拱腰外弧面逐渐向两侧接头处延展,右拱腰接头处裂缝扩展连接为沿厚度方向的环状裂缝。     

上转换发光剂掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及可见光降解乙基紫的研究

合成了一种新型含有稀土金属Er的上转换发光剂40CdF₂·60BaF₂·1.6Er₂O₃,此上转换发光剂在488 nm可见光的激发下,产生了5个波长均小于387 nm的上转换紫外光发射峰.采用超声波分散的方法制备出了上转换发光剂掺杂的纳米TiO₂可见光光催化剂.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM)对催化剂进行了表征.以乙基紫染料为研究对象,研究了在(三基色灯下发出的)可见光的照射下该可见光光催化剂的催化降解性能,并与未掺杂的纳米TiO₂粉末的催化性能进行了对比.结果表明,作为掺杂成分的上转换发光剂可有效地将可见光转化为紫外光并被纳米TiO₂粉末吸收利用,在可见光照射12.0 h后乙基紫降解率达到了99.68%,大大高于未掺杂纳米TiO2时的降解率.     

印染废水治理技术进展

印染废水治理技术进展主要在生物技术的改进和新型化学药剂的研制方面.本文概括介绍“七五”国家科技攻关该方面研究成果,它们均已通过中试或生产性验证.包括:厌氧-好氧生物处理系统、生物铁法、优良脱色菌和PVA降解菌的筛选和应用、新型高效混凝剂、高压脉冲电解法等.上述方法对废水的处理效果达到COD_(Cr)去除70—90％、脱色70％以上,且经济合理、便于推广.     

Characterization of particle number size distribution and new particle formation in Southern China

Knowledge of particle number size distribution(PND) and new particle formation(NPF)events in Southern China is essential for mitigation strategies related to submicron particles and their effects on regional air quality,haze,and human health.In this study,seven field measurement campaigns were conducted from December 2013 to May 2015 using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) at four sites in Southern China,including three urban sites and one background site.Particles were measured in the size range of15-515 nm,and the median particle number concentrations(PNCs) were found to vary in the range of 0.3× 10~4-2.2 × 10~4 cn~(-3) at the urban sites and were approximately 0.2 × 10~4 cm~(-3) at the background site.The peak diameters at the different sites varied largely from 22 to 102 nm.The PNCs in the Aitken mode(25-100 nm) at the urban sites were up to 10 times higher than they were at the background site,indicating large primary emissions from traffic at the urban sites.The diurnal variations of PNCs were significantly influenced by both rush hour traffic at the urban sites and NPF events.The frequencies of NPF events at the different sites were0%-30%,with the highest frequency occurring at an urban site during autumn.With higher SO_2 concentrations and higher ambient temperatures being necessary,NPF at the urban site was found to be more influenced by atmospheric oxidizing capability,while NPF at the background site was limited by the condensation sink.This study provides a unique dataset of particle number and size information in various environments in Southern China,which can help understand the sources,formation,and the climate forcing of aerosols in this quickly developing region,as well as help constrain and validate NPF modeling.     

Effects of anthropogenic landscapes on population maintenance of waterbirds

Anthropogenic impacts have reduced natural areas but increased the area of anthropogenic landscapes. There is debate about whether anthropogenic landscapes (e.g., farmlands, orchards, and fish ponds) provide alternatives to natural habitat and under what circumstances. We considered whether anthropogenic landscapes can mitigate population declines for waterbirds. We collected data on population trends and biological traits of 1203 populations of 579 species across the planet. Using Bayesian generalized linear mixed models, we tested whether the ability of a species to use an anthropogenic landscape can predict population trends of waterbird globally and of species of conservation concern. Anthropogenic landscapes benefited population maintenance of common but not less-common species. Conversely, the use of anthropogenic landscapes was associated with population declines for threatened species. Our findings delineate some limitations to the ability of anthropogenic landscapes to mitigate population declines, suggesting that the maintenance of global waterbird populations depends on protecting remaining natural areas and improving the habitat quality in anthropogenic landscapes. Article impact statement: Protecting natural areas and improving the quality of anthropogenic landscapes as habitat are both needed to achieve effective conservation.     

我国新时代城镇化进程中环境“邻避”问题形势特征及应对对策——以南方某省为例

进入新时代，具有“邻避”效应的重大项目和基础设施建设仍然是我国城镇化发展的“刚需”和重要支撑，环境“邻避”问题必将是当前及今后一定时期内城镇化进程中面临的常态。本文选取南方某省作为典型对象进行深入研究，结果表明，环境“邻避”问题总体风险形势平稳可控，防控重点领域仍以传统领域为主，公众诉求反应和抗争表达方式由激烈转变为相对理性，城市规划与建设的矛盾风险问题增多，风险传播快传导性强。本文系统总结出明确组织领导统筹机制、强化联动发挥协作效能、建设项目高标准实施、惠民措施灵活有效、社会力量聚合治理等地方实践经验。建议重点着力防范化解好传统领域风险，常态化推动机制发挥作用，充分发挥共建共治共享作用，以环境社会治理共享发展成果，提升环境“邻避”问题系统应对能力。