生态文明建设与可持续发展

可持续发展与中国生态文明理念的提出和演化是一个不断深入、循序渐进的历史过程,与全球形势和中国具体国情发展变化密不可分,两者存在紧密联系。主要体现在:中国生态文明建设与全球可持续发展历程遥相呼应,生态文明理念是可持续发展理论的延伸拓展与中国化,两者的实现途径是一致的;二者都是在资源环境约束和经济社会发展矛盾日益突出的背景下提出的,都强调不同领域的协调和融合,强调环境保护的重要性,但又同样不等同于环境保护。     

基于深度学习的大数据空气污染预报

为了更好地反映环境污染变化趋势,为环境管理决策提供及时、全面的环境质量信息,预防严重污染事件发生,开展城市空气质量预报研究是十分必要的.本文针对环境大数据时代下的城市空气质量预报,提出了一种基于深度学习的新方法.该方法通过模拟人类大脑的神经连接结构,将数据在原空间的特征表示转换到具有语义特征的新特征空间,自动地学习得到层次化的特征表示,从而提高预报性能.得益于这种方式,新方法与传统方法相比,不仅可以利用空气质量监测、气象监测及预报等环境大数据,充分考虑污染物的时空变化、空间分布,得到语义性的污染物变化规律,还可以基于其他空气污染预测方法的结果(如数值预报模式),自动分析其适用范围、优势劣势.因此,新方法通过模拟人脑思考过程实现更充分的大数据集成,一定程度上克服了现有方法的缺陷,应用上更加具有灵活性和可操作性.最后,通过实验证明新方法可以提高空气污染预报性能.     

国家《大气污染防治行动计划》健康效益评估

为了提高空气质量改善进程,2013 年国家发布了《大气污染防治行动计划》。本文基于空气污染与健康效益评估模型(BenMAP),对人口分布资料、大气污染与人体健康影响的暴露反应关系等进行了本土化修正,采用“支付意愿法”与“疾病成本法”相结合的方法,系统评估了《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后,PM_2.5 污染变化引起的环境健康效益。研究结果表明,《大气污染防治行动计划》的实施将在一定程度上降低PM_2.5 环境浓度,改善环境空气质量。如果《大气污染防治行动计划》空气质量目标全面实现,可以避免城镇8.9 万居民的过早死亡,减少12 万人次住院治疗以及941 万人次的门诊和急诊病例,实现的全国健康效益约为867 亿元/ 年,说明了《大气污染防治行动计划》实施的健康有益性。本文对政府部门开展污染损失评估及制定环境健康政策具有重要的参考价值。     

新常态下要科学认识环境管理六个量的关系

针对新常态下环境管理面临的机遇与挑战,本文提出了环境管理工作要树立新的思维,并在此基础上深入剖析了总量与质量、容量与流量、存量与增量的关系。现行的总量控制制度在实施过程中带来的污染减排潜力越来越小,因此,环境管理的目标应从以污染排放控制为主向以环境质量改善为主转变,通过采取具有针对性的差异化容量总量控制管理手段,实现污染排放流量管控,同时,应充分考虑现有环境本底负荷的问题,实现污染存量和可能增量的协同控制,这对于推进环境管理工作的战略转型具有借鉴意义。     

化学热洗法处理页岩气开采废钻井液

针对页岩气开采过程中所产生的废钻井液处理,采用化学热洗的方法对废钻井液进行了油、水、固三相分离,并使用5%的清洗剂对废钻井液中的泥砂和岩屑进行除油。结果表明:温度为40℃、搅拌转速为160 r/min、破稳剂浓度为50 g/L、清洗剂的浓度为5%时,废钻井液中油的回收率达到了98%,泥砂与岩屑的含油量均小于2%。     

Long‐Term Trends of Nutrients and Sediment from the Nontidal Chesapeake Watershed: An Assessment of Progress by River and Season

To assess historical loads of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment (SS) from the nontidal Chesapeake Bay watershed (NTCBW), we analyzed decadal seasonal trends of flow‐normalized loads at the fall‐line of nine major rivers that account for >90% of NTCBW flow. Evaluations of loads by season revealed N, P, and SS load magnitudes have been highest in January‐March and lowest in July‐September, but the temporal trends have followed similar decadal‐scale patterns in all seasons, with notable exceptions. Generally, total N (TN) load has dropped since the late 1980s, but particulate nutrients and SS have risen since the mid‐1990s. The majority of these rises were from Susquehanna River and relate to diminished net trapping at the Conowingo Reservoir. Substantial rises in SS were also observed, however, in other rivers. Moreover, the summed rise in particulate P load from other rivers is of similar magnitude as from Susquehanna. Dissolved nutrient loads have dropped in the upland (Piedmont and above) rivers, but risen in two small rivers in the Coastal Plain affected by lagged groundwater input. In addition, analysis of fractional contributions revealed consistent N trends across the upland watersheds. Finally, total N:total P ratios have declined in most rivers, suggesting the potential for changes in nutrient limitation. Overall, this integrated study of historical data highlights the value of maintaining long‐term monitoring at multiple watershed locations.     

Haloacetic acids in swimming pool and spa water in the United States and China

The objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of haloacetic acids （HAAs）, a group of disinfection byproducts, in swimming pool and spa water. The samples were collected from six indoor pools, six outdoor pools and three spas in Pennsylvania, the United States, and from five outdoor pools and nine indoor pools in Beijing, China. Five HAAs （HAA5）, including monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid were analyzed. Total chlorine, pH and total organic carbon concentration were analyzed as well. Results indicated that the levels of HAA5 in swimming pools and spas in the United States ranged from 70 to 3980μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 1440μg·L^-1 and a median level at 1150μg·L^-1. These levels are much higher than the levels reported in chlorinated drinking water and are likely due to organic matters released from swimmers＇ bodies. The levels of HAA5 in swimming pools in China ranged from 13 to 332μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 117μg·L^-1 and a median level at 114μg·L^-1. The lower HAA levels in swimming pools in China were due to the lower chlorine residuals. Results from this study can help water professionals to better understand the formation and stability of HAAs in chlorinated water and assess risks associated with exposures to HAAs in swimming pools and spas.     

农药助剂对蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)的急性毒性

为评价农药助剂对土壤生物的毒性效应,分别采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测定了不同类别农药助剂对赤子爱胜蚓(Eis enia foetida)的急性毒性.结果表明:19种非离子表面活性剂中,烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚毒性较高,滤纸法48 h-LC50为7.630 ～ 39.65μg·cm-2,人工土壤法14 d-LC50为876.5 ～2 786.6 mg· kg-1,其它类型非离子表面活性剂毒性较低.5种阴离子表面活性剂中,十二烷基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钙毒性高于木质素磺酸钠、木质素磺酸钙、亚甲基双萘磺酸钠,滤纸法48 h-LC50为6575 ～ 41.89 μg· cm-2,人工土壤法14 d-LC50为1 195.0～1 911.7 mg·kg-1.13种溶剂中,二甲苯、乙苯、甲苯、正丁醇、环己酮表现出较高的毒性,滤纸法48 h-LC50为6.587 ～ 57.62 μg ·cm-2,密封人工土壤法48 h-LC50为181.9 ～781.5 mg·kg-1.采用两种方法测得的5种填料高岭土、白炭黑、硅藻土、凹凸棒土和轻质碳酸钙的毒性均较低.采用两种方法测得的毒性系统偏差接近,重现性均较好,并且滤纸接触法测得的毒力高于人工土壤法.     

云南曲靖地区铜的暴露与肺癌相关性研究

我国云南省曲靖的宣威和富源等地是全世界肺癌高发区,为了研究环境介质中铜(Cu)等重金属的暴露与体内分布特征,探讨Cu与肺癌的相关性,在当地开展肺癌环境流行病学调查,采集宣威和富源高发区人群饮食、饮水以及人体血浆和肺组织样品,微波消解ICP-MS法测定样品中Cu等元素.结果显示,当地居民使用燃料类型是影响肺癌高发的重要因素.高发区人群Cu的日摄入总量低于我国推荐的每日膳食中营养素供给量(RDA).肺癌组血液中Cu含量显著高于对照组,肺癌组织中Cu含量显著高于癌旁组织和正常组织,且肺癌患者的血浆和肺组织中Cu/Zn比值均升高.Pearson相关性分析结果表明,Cu和Ni、Cu和Pb呈显著正相关,提示在致癌作用上具有协同效应;Cu和Fe、Cu和Zn呈显著负相关,提示具有抑制或拮抗作用.多因素Logistic回归结果表明,Cu是肺癌发生的重要影响因素,人体中Cu含量和Cu/Zn比值可为肺癌的早期预防和诊断提供科学依据.     

北京城区大气颗粒物中六价铬的污染特征及来源

为研究北京城区大气颗粒物中六价铬污染特征及来源,利用低流量采样器进行大气颗粒物采样,利用离子色谱分离、柱后衍生紫外的方法分析其中六价铬的浓度,优化了样品前处理方法.结果表明,采样期间北京城区大气颗粒物中六价铬浓度为200±86 pg·m-3,晴天六价铬浓度均值为273±84 pg·m-3;霾天其浓度均值为181±76 pg·m-3.统计分析表明,六价铬与NOx(r=0.394)在0.05水平上显著相关,六价铬与相对湿度(r=-0.534)在0.01水平上显著相关.后向轨迹簇分析表明,来自偏南方向的气团时,六价铬浓度为181.0±83.4 pg·m-3,而来自偏北方向气团时,六价铬浓度为226.5±83.1 pg·m-3.