Heavy metal speciation in various types of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerator

Fly ash (FA) from municipal solid waste incinerators has been known as hazardous waste, which is mostly because of the high content of heavy metal and dioxins. Besides the content, the form of the heavy metals in fly ash is also very important, because it is tightly related with the leaching behavior of fly ash in diverse circumstances. To evaluate the environment potential risk of fly ash, the Tessier chemical extraction method was adopted. In this study, four kinds of fly ash were examined, one sample from China (CFA) and the other three from Japan (RFA, CaFA and NaFA). Five metal elements were detected and they were Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Cu. The result of total heavy metals’ concentration showed CFA has the lowest content. As to the Tessier chemical extraction experiments, the results show that Cd, Pb, and Cu have higher leaching risk in the environment than other heavy metals. The result of leaching test experiment showed that the more exchangeable speciation of Cd, Cr and Pb in FA, the more it could leach out in natural environment.     

Vertical distributions of bound saturated fatty acids and compound-specific stable carbon isotope compositions in sediments of two lakes in China: implication for the influence of eutrophication

Lakes Dianchi (DC) and Bosten (BST) were determined to be at different stages of eutrophication, by use of total organic carbon content, bulk carbon isotopic composition, bulk nitrogen isotopic composition, and bound saturated fatty acid (BSFA) concentrations in sediment cores. A rapid increase in the supply of organic matter (OM) to DC began after the 1950s, while the environment and trophic status of BST remained constant as indicated by characteristics of OM input to sediments. The BSFA ratios of nC14?+?nC16?+?nC18/nC24?+?nC26?+?nC28 increase upward from 7 to 13 in the DC core, which are significantly greater than those from BST (2 to 3). This result is consistent with algae or bacteria being the dominant contribution of the OM increase induced by eutrophication in DC. The positive shift of nC16 compound-specific δ ¹³C in the upper section might be an indicator of excess algal productivity, which was observed in the two lakes. The positive shifts of compound-specific δ ¹³C of other BSFAs were also observed in the upper section of the core only from DC. The observed trends of compound-specific δ¹³C of BSFA originated from different sources became more consistent, which reflected the intensified eutrophication had profoundly affected production and preservation of OM in DC. The results observed for BST indicated that accumulation of algae did not affect the entire aquatic ecosystem until now.     

Large-scale utilization of water hyacinth for nutrient removal in Lake Dianchi in China: The effects on the water quality, macrozoobenthos and zooplankton

An ecological engineering project using water hyacinth for nutrient removal was performed in Baishan Bay of a large shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Dianchi in China. In the present study, a systematic survey of water quality, macrozoobenthos and zooplankton inside (IWH), around (AWH) and far away (FWH) water hyacinth mats was conducted in Baishan Bay from August to October 2010. The results showed that the water quality significantly improved at AWH area. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were lower and transparency was higher at AWH area than those in IWH and FWH areas. Total densities, dominant species densities, and biodiversity indexes of macrozoobenthos and cladocerans as well as copepods did not differ (P > 0.05) among each other in all three areas. It was significantly (P < 0.05) different for those of rotifers at IWH area compared to those in AWH and FWH areas. The results might suggest a tremendous potential for the utilization of water hyacinth in the eutrophic lake like Lake Dianchi for nutrients removal.     

菜场有机垃圾压缩脱水特性实验研究

为优化菜场垃圾压缩及脱水机械设计参数,获取最佳的压强值和垃圾在压缩仓内的保压时间,进行了菜场有机垃圾压缩脱水特性实验研究。通过压缩实验及对数据的分析,提出了有机垃圾压缩转运时的合理压缩强度范围为1.5～2.4 kg/cm2;通过压缩脱水实验及对数据的分析得到:压强一定时,保压时间越长,出水量越大;而保压时间一定时,压强增大,脱水率也增加,但2组数据变化均为非线性。对大白菜的实验表明,其合理的脱水压强和保压时间分别为2.4 kg/cm2和30 s左右。     

电除尘器进气烟箱参数对气流分布影响的仿真研究

电除尘器进气烟箱结构参数不仅对除尘器内部气流分布的均匀性产生重要影响,而且还会影响除尘效率和排放指标。针对电除尘器进气烟箱结构参数选取与气流分布均匀性问题,采用欧拉-拉格朗日多相流模型,对进气烟箱扩散角,气流分布板孔形、开孔率和导流板角度等参数,进行了三维流场模拟仿真计算,获得各参数对气流均匀性的影响关系规律。仿真结果表明:方形孔的气流分布板能获得较佳的气流分布均匀性;合理调节进气烟箱扩散角、开孔率和导流板角度可有效地改善电场内气流分布状况。研究结果可为电除尘器进气烟箱的设计与改进提供依据。     

介孔分子筛SBA负载CuO纳米颗粒去除H2S

采用超声波辅助浸渍法制备了一种新型SBA-15负载CuO纳米颗粒的复合介孔材料(SC),使用氮吸附、XRD、透射电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、X射线光电子能谱等方法对SC进行了表征。并考察了SC对H2S的去除效果。研究结果表明:SC仍为介孔材料,超声处理会使CuO纳米颗粒更均匀地分散在主体材料孔道内;SC具有六角形长程有序性,说明辅以超声处理的浸渍方法可维持介孔材料的高度有序性;CuO纳米颗粒主要存在于载体孔道内;脱硫反应后的试样(SC-E)仍保留六角形特征,与SC相比介孔有序性降低;当Cu质量分数为3.23%时,SC的H2S穿透吸附量高达278mg/g。     

广州城市污泥中重金属的含量、排放通量及农用风险评价

分析了广州市中心城区5个主要的污水处理厂污泥的基本理化性质和7种重金属(Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn)在不同雨期的浓度变化,估算了广州市污水处理厂污泥重金属的年排放通量,并对其污泥农用做了潜在风险评价。结果表明,各污水厂污泥均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)对重金属的排放要求,污泥的基本理化性质满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》(CJ/T309-2009)标准,沥滘、猎德、京溪和大坦沙污水厂的污泥重金属满足CJ/T309-2009要求,而西朗污水处理厂2013年12月采集的污泥中Cu和Cd未达标。通过估算,广州市污水处理厂污泥中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn的年排放通量分别为16.1、18.8、90.3、5.9、7.9、0.2和48.3 t。通过Hakanson生态风险评估,污泥在农用过程中除西朗污水处理厂污泥重金属危害为中等风险,其他厂污泥属于低风险。     

微生物强化MBR工艺剩余污泥的好氧消化过程

为了考察原位污泥减量技术产生的长污泥龄污泥好氧消化可能性,以某污水处理厂MBR工艺产生的剩余污泥为研究对象(污泥龄为60 d),将实验筛选得到的强化效果最佳的3种菌种(分别为B4、H4和N2)分别投加到MBR剩余污泥好氧消化反应器中。经过58 d的好氧消化后,投加B4、H4和N2的3个反应器MLSS消解率分别比污泥对照提高了13.2%、11.7%和6.2%,其中投加B4菌种MLSS消化效率提高最多。MLVSS消解率分别比污泥对照提高18.8%、20.0%和11.0%。研究表明原位污泥减量技术产生的长污泥龄污泥具有污泥好氧消化的可能性,同时筛选出来的3种菌种在消化过程中有明显的强化效果。随着消化反应的进行到52 d,反应器中出现大量的硝酸盐氮和总磷的积累。观察反应过程中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、p H和总磷的变化,大量的硝酸盐存在时诱导以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷的进行。在消化过程中,磷溶出情况取决于污泥的水解程度,投加菌种加速了总磷溶出和提高了污泥的水解程度。同时投加菌种强化好氧消化显著降低污泥的SVI,投加菌种在强化好氧消化过程中能更多地消耗污泥中有机物,进而提高消化效率。     

Species-specific effects of P-solubilizing and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>-fixing bacteria on seedling growth of three salt-tolerant trees

Coastal afforestation suffers from low survival and slow growth due to harsh conditions and lack of robust seedlings. Inoculation of P-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) or N₂-fixing bacteria (NFB) are effective in promoting plant growth and thus potentially helpful for coastal afforestation. However, it remains unclear about the generality and specificity of these plant-growth-promoting-bacteria (PGPB) on the growth of salttolerant trees. We inoculated seedlings of two mangrove trees and one terrestrial salt-tolerant tree with pure cultures of PSB or mixed cultures of PSB and NFB. Plant biomass, height, base diameter and N and P concentrations were determined six months after bacterial inoculation. We found that inoculation of PGPB had an overall promoting effect on the seedling growth of three tree species, but the effects differed greatly (3–280% increase) among plant species and bacterial isolates or bacterial combinations. Only in the terrestrial tree, co-inoculations of PSB and NFB showed greater promoting effects than monocultures of PSB. Root: shoot ratios of seedlings were not changed by bacterial inoculation. Inoculation treatments moderately elevated N concentrations in shoots and roots and P concentrations only in roots of seedlings. Our results suggest that PGPB might have a general promoting effect on the seedling growth of salt-tolerant trees. Nevertheless, the magnitude of promoting effects and the comparative advantage of dual inoculation over single inoculation are species-specific. The generality and specificity of the plant-PGPB relationship are similar to the plantmycorrhizal symbiosis. In addition, tissue nutrient improvement might not be the main mechanism of the promoting effects by PGPB.