飓风“桑迪＂的影响及启示研究

城市地区突发自然灾害常常会对给水排水设施造成不利影响。飓风“桑迪”于2012年10月29日登陆美国,多个东部城市出现大面积停电,缺水,交通中断以及罕见的城市内涝,造成重大人员伤亡和巨额财产损失,严重地影响了当地人们正常的生产和生活。从飓风“桑迪”对美国城市给水和排水系统造成的巨大破坏出发,并结合当地政府采取的紧急应对措施展开讨论,总结其中的经验教训及启示。     

河南油田安全典型问题、险肇事件、事故原因分析及对策

系统分析了中国石化河南油田分公司近年来安全典型问题、险肇事件、事故的分布及产生原因,提出了针对性的应对措施。     

复合微生物菌剂在近海污水中的修复作用研究

采用直接投加复合微生物菌剂原位修复深圳湾污染水体,去除水体中的有机物、氮和磷等污染物,15天检测分析微生物处理对水体溶解氧（DO）、氨态氮（NH4-N）、悬浮物（SS）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）变化的影响。结果表明：采用微生物技术修复深圳湾近海污染水环境具有显著效果,试验期间水体中DO明显提高,最佳复配硝化茵（B2）与枯草芽孢杆菌（B6）对NH4-N降低了53．9％,悬浮物（ss）降低了56．9％,总氮（TN）降低52．1％,总磷（TP）降低57．6％。有害弧菌单一菌落数降低了64．9％     

长期施肥下水稻根际和非根际土壤微生物碳源利用特征

以红壤丘陵区典型稻田长期定位施肥试验土壤为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(NPKS)、30%有机肥+化肥(LOM)和60%有机肥+化肥(HOM)这5种处理,研究长期不同施肥条件下水稻根际和非根际土壤微生物碳源利用特征.基于~(18)O-H_2O示踪的结果表明,土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生长速率(CGrowth)均以HOM处理最高,CK处理最低.根际土中,土壤微生物基础呼吸速率以HOM最高,CK和NPK最低;微生物碳源利用效率(CUE)以NPK最高,LOM和HOM最低.非根际土中,不同施肥处理的基础呼吸速率和CUE均无显著差异. MicroResp~(TM)结果显示,非根际土中微生物对外源碳源代谢能力高于根际土.施用有机物料(秸秆或有机肥)均能提高微生物对羧酸类、氨基酸、碳水化合物的代谢速率,且土壤微生物利用羧酸类碳源的活性最高,其次为氨基酸类和碳水化合物类碳源,对复杂化合物的代谢速率较低. RDA分析表明,微生物对不同碳源代谢情况的聚类总体以根际土与非根际土分开,CK与施肥处理分开,且NPK与NPKS相对聚集,LOM与HOM相对聚集,NPK、NPKS与LOM、HOM分开,即不同施肥处理显著改变土壤微生物对外源碳源代谢特征.结果表明,施肥未改变微生物CUE和基础呼吸速率,但有外源碳源输入(如根系分泌物)的情况下,施用有机物料增加基础呼吸、降低CUE.     

不同类型秸秆对污泥厌氧消化特性及细菌群落结构的影响

为促进污水处理厂污泥及农作物秸秆的资源化利用,探讨不同类型秸秆（玉米、小麦、水稻）对污泥厌氧消化特性、产气效果及细菌群落结构的影响,在中温〔（35±1）℃〕下,研究了污泥与秸秆按不同质量比（1:0、1:0.5、1:1、1:1.5）联合厌氧消化对污泥C/N（碳氮比）和厌氧消化环境中pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）（VFAs为挥发性脂肪酸）、日均沼气产量及φ（CH₄）、细菌群落的特征变化,以未添加秸秆的污泥厌氧消化为CK（对照）.结果表明:不同类型秸秆的添加对厌氧消化体系的pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）均产生显著影响,秸秆的加入明显提高了厌氧消化体系的产气量.联合厌氧消化可通过优化厌氧消化底物的C/N,从而增加ρ（VFAs）和φ（CH₄）.其中,污泥与玉米秸秆质量比为1:1.5时对厌氧消化的促进作用最为显著;其沼气日产量为2 303.08 mL,比CK（536.15 mL）提高了3倍以上,而沼气中φ（CH₄）最高为54.49%,比CK（37.07%）提高46.99%.此外,不同类型秸秆的添加也可通过改变细菌群落结构从而促进秸秆降解,增加ρ（VFAs）和提高沼气产量,特别是添加秸秆后,Bacteroidetes会逐渐取代Proteobacteria成为主要的产酸菌种,从而导致ρ（VFAs）增加.研究显示,污泥与秸秆联合厌氧消化可改善污泥营养结构,改变细菌群落结构,提高沼气产量.      

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.     

苏皖交界北西向断裂构造地震危险性分析

苏皖交界近年来不断有地震发生,2012年7月发生了Ms4.9级地震,造成了一定的破坏,其社会影响大。在此震情形势下,本文通过分析苏皖交界北西向断裂构造的活动特征、北西向断裂构造与历史破坏性地震及现代2.0级以上地震间的关系,认为苏皖交界区域沿扬州—六合—高邮—盱眙—洪泽—带被北西向的自来桥—来安断裂和无锡—宿迁断裂所夹持的区域,未来有发生Ms5.0级地震的构造背景,应关注其未来地震危险性。     

基于综合指数的湖北省耕地质量变化分析

在综合界定耕地质量内涵的基础上,构建了耕地质量变化的评价指标体系和评估模型,以此为基础,对1995—2005年湖北省耕地质量的动态变化进行了分析。研究表明:湖北省耕地综合质量变化总体呈现波动上升趋势,但体现耕地综合质量的耕地本底质量、经济质量与生态质量变化差异显著。耕地本底质量自20世纪90年代中期到本世纪初变化平缓,整体波动较小;耕地经济质量在1995—1999年间提升迅速,2000年后基本保持平稳,但最近几年有波动下降的趋势;耕地生态质量自20世纪90年代中期以来呈缓慢下降趋势,近几年下降趋势有所缓和;耕地综合质量在1999年之前平稳上升,之后又呈现缓慢下降趋势。影响湖北省耕地综合质量变化的主导因子是耕地的经济质量与生态质量的波动,这与不同时期湖北省社会经济与资源环境发展的侧重有关,而耕地的本底质量变化对耕地综合质量变化的影响较小。研究采用的综合指数法能较全面地体现区域耕地质量变化的综合特点,且能反映区域耕地质量变化的一般过程。