骆马湖表层水和沉积物中全氟化合物赋存特征、来源及健康风险评估

通过对骆马湖表层水和沉积物的调查检测,分析了两类介质中全氟化合物（PFASs）的组分结构和赋存特征,并运用主成分分析法对表层水中此类物质的来源进行了解析,运用风险商法评估了此类物质的潜在健康风险,结果表明,骆马湖表层沉积物中总计检出14种PFASs,而其表层水中较之前者多检出1种（PFTeA）;表层水中■范围为46.09～120.34ng·L^-1,沉积物中■范围为2.22～9.55ng·g^-1;表层水中质量分数最高的为PFPeA,为38%,沉积物中质量分数最高的为PFBA,为61%,骆马湖多介质中PFASs组分均以短链物质为主;骆马湖表层水中PFASs的高浓度区域集中分布在北部河流入湖口,其浓度呈现由北向南递减的趋势,沉积物中PFASs的高含量区域则向南迁移;骆马湖沉积物中的∑PFASs、 PFBA和PFOS的分布情况与沉积物中TOC含量有关;主成分分析表明骆马湖表层水中PFASs主要来自纺织品阻燃、橡胶品的乳化、食品包装过程和纸类表面处理,金属电镀行业,皮革和纺织品制造行业;骆马湖表层水中PFASs处于较低健康风险水平.     

Pollution level and distribution of PCDD/PCDF congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase in winter air of Dalian,China

In December 2009, ambient air was sampled with active high-volume air samplers at two sites: on the roof of the No. l building of Dalian Jiaotong University and on the roof of the building of Dalian Meteorological Observatory. The concentrations and the congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the air were measured. Sample analysis results showed that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in particulate phase was higher than that in gaseous phase. The ratio of PCDD to PCDF in gaseous phase and particulate phase was lower than 0.4 in all samples. The total I-TEQ value in gaseous phase and particulate phase was 5.5 and 453.8 fg/m³ at Dalian Jiaotong University, 16.6 and 462.1 fg/m³ at Dalian Meteorological Observatory, respectively. The I-TEQ value of Dalian atmosphere was 5.5-462.1 fg/m³ which was lower than international standard, the atmospheric quality in Dalian is better.     

中国环境基准理论与方法学研究进展及主要科学问题

环境基准是指环境介质中的环境要素对特定保护对象不产生不良或有害效应的最大限值,是环境标准制修订的科学依据。环境基准理论与方法学一直是国际环境科学和环境保护科学研究领域的前沿,也是国家环境管理的重大科技需求。本文在总结国际和我国环境基准研究成果的基础上,较为系统地阐述了环境基准的基本概况、理论方法学及重要进展。同时,结合学科特点和环境基准科技需求,综合分析了与环境基准理论方法学密切相关的系列关键科学问题。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰热分离处理后灰渣的特性研究

本文研究了上海某垃圾焚烧厂飞灰热分离处理后灰渣的无害化特性:减容率、减重率和浸出特性.结果表明:热处理温度越高,飞灰的减重率和减容率就越大,飞灰的减重率的变化可以分为650～1 050℃时缓增和1 050～1 350℃时剧增两部分,减容过程主要发生在熔融温度在1 205～1 250℃,其中1 150～1 250℃就减容了58.4％.随热处理时间的延长,飞灰的减重率和减容率的增幅都不大,分别由20 min的11.3％增加到300 min的17.7％及20 min的6.90％增加到300 min的16.7％.相对于时间而言,温度是影响飞灰热分离的主要因素.各重金属的浸出浓度随热处理温度的升高和时间的延长大体上呈降低的趋势.除Cr外,经不同温度(≥650℃)和时间(≥20 min)热处理后,灰渣中重金属的浸出浓度均低于原灰,但都达到了国家危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准要求.     

活性污泥中主要微生物菌群研究进展

活性污泥是污水处理厂曝气池内有机污染物转化的主体,其生物活性的高低从根本上决定了一个污水处理厂的污水处理能力,而活性污泥的生物活性又主要取决于其中的微生物菌群结构和功能。因此,活性污泥微生物菌群研究一直是环境科学、生态学和环境工程等领域的研究重点。人类对活性污泥微生物菌群的认识也随着其研究方法的发展而逐步深入。本文对活性污泥中的主要微生物菌群极其特性做了描述,并简单介绍了菌群的几种研究方法,对研究趋势作了展望。     

我国重点流域地表水中29种农药污染及其生态风险评价

针对我国重点流域水体,包括长江流域、黄河流域、太湖流域、松花江流域、黑龙江流域、东江流域、南水北调中线和东线等,分析了29种农药(18种有机氯农药、6种有机磷农药、3种三嗪类农药、1种酰胺类和1种取代杂环类农药)在流域地表水中浓度,并使用风险商的方法进行了生态风险评价。结果显示,在27个采样点地表水样中一共检出9种农药,包括α-六六六、α-氯丹、γ-氯丹、西玛津、阿特拉津、乙草胺、扑草净、敌敌畏和噁草酮。其中,阿特拉津、乙草胺、扑草净、噁草酮和敌敌畏的检出率分别为100.0%,74.1%,59.3%,37.0%和33.3%;α-六六六、α-氯丹、γ-氯丹和西玛津均只有1~2个采样点检出。阿特拉津在各采样点浓度范围为7.0 ng·L-1~1 289.5 ng·L-1;乙草胺浓度范围为未检出(ND)~579.9 ng·L-1;扑草净浓度范围为ND~104.2 ng·L-1;噁草酮浓度范围为ND~32.6 ng·L-1;敌敌畏的浓度范围为ND~204.5 ng·L-1。研究发现,阿特拉津在太湖流域、黑龙江流域和松花江流域具有潜在生态风险;乙草胺在松花江流域有潜在生态风险;噁草酮在长江流域、太湖流域、松花江流域和黑龙江流域有潜在生态风险;敌敌畏在长江流域、黄河流域和东江流域具有潜在生态风险。上述4种需要重点关注的水体污染物中,仅阿特拉津和敌敌畏被列入地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002),但都没有保护水生生物或保护水生态的标准。     

纳米铜颗粒的种间毒性关系

纳米颗粒的种间毒性关系尚无明确结论,因此很难判断纳米颗粒对未进行毒性测试的物种的风险如何。本文作者将5种水蚤(Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia galeata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chydorus sphaericus)暴露于4种不同粒径的纳米铜颗粒(CuNPs)和1种亚微米铜颗粒的悬浊液中,考察物种的形态特征与CuNPs急性毒性的关系。结果显示,杆状的CuNPs比球状的CuNPs毒性更低。纳米铜颗粒与溶出铜离子均对CuNPs的毒性有贡献,其中,当新生蚤的体长、体表面积和身体体积更小时,5种悬浊液中颗粒的毒性更大。5种蚤的身体体积与5种CuNPs的毒性显著相关(r_adj²>0.51, p < 0.001),78-nm CuNPs与蚤身体体积的相关性最好 (r_adj²?=?0.95, p < 0.001)。这个研究可以为纳米颗粒对有相似外形特征的物种进行毒性种间外推提供线索。
精选自Lan Song, Martina G. Vijver, Geert R. de Snoo and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Assessing toxicity of copper nanoparticles across five cladoceran species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3000
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3000/full     

马拉硫磷和百菌清胁迫下斑马鱼行为变化的研究

以马拉硫磷和百菌清为胁迫因子,本文研究了2种污染物暴露下斑马鱼行为强度的变化。首先通过急性毒性试验确定了2种农药对斑马鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死浓度(LC50),其次以LC50-48 h为1个染毒单位(TU),在0.01 TU、0.1 TU、0.5 TU、1 TU、2 TU 5个条件下,本文开展了斑马鱼行为学研究。结果显示,48 h马拉硫磷暴露斑马鱼的LC50为5 mg·L~(-1),百菌清暴露斑马鱼的LC50为0.01 mg·L~(-1)。随着污染物浓度增大,综合行为强度变化幅度增大。在设置的暴露浓度下,斑马鱼的行为强度在急剧增大或减小后都出现了明显的调节适应过程,基本符合环境压力模型。通过比较在不同频率下的影响强度,马拉硫磷和百菌清暴露斑马鱼摆鳍所受影响最大。本研究提示,水质监测中可增加斑马鱼摆鳍观察指标。     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles: from laboratory study to field measurement

Fresh straw burning (SB) particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS). Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types: Salt, Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), and internally mixed particles of EC and OC (EC-OC). In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradually oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC-containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displacement reaction (2KCl+ SO42−→ K₂SO₄ + 2Cl⁻) was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K⁺ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.